Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.
landmarks of tunnel construction.
Year
Tunnel
Main features
1992
Widening of ancient caniçal tunnel (700 m)
Beginning of a new generation of Madeira island tunnels
1997
Quinta Grande and Ribeira Brava double tunnels
First double tunnels in Madeira from Funchal to Ribeira
Brava (West side of the island)
1997
Pestana Júnior Tunnel (227 m)
First tunnel with three lances in Madeira. excavation
width of 13 m
2001
encumeada (3080 m) and norte (2097 m) tunnels
important tunnels in the direction of the north of the
island
2001
West and east s. cruz tunnels (135 m each)
Widest tunnels of Portugal (excavation width of 20,2 m).
First two traffic direction tunnels with four lanes
2003
Faial-cortado tunnel (3100 m)
largest tunnel of Portugal. largest widening
(excavation width of 21 m, two plus two lanes)
2004
caniçal tunnel (2100 m)
largest double tunnel of Portugal
11
conclUsions
significantly the development of the bracing of the
full section. The observation design methodology
and the supervision of the work execution have
proved to be rather adequate and has allowed to
adapt rationally and safely the predicted support,
as well as to obtain a significant economy during
the construction stage.
a reference is made for the important new fun-
damental road network implemented at Madeira
island in the last 20 years.
The percentage of tunnel length is unique,
mainly due to vigorous relief of the island. More
than about 150 road tunnels have been constructed,
with a total length of 85 km. The principal land-
marks of road tunnels construction are presented
in Table 2.
concerning the design, although considering the
significant limitations associated with the nature
of the volcanic rock mass of Madeira island, it is
possible to improve the geological recognition in
order to obtain the necessary guidelines to define
the geotechnical zoning. it is also possible to plan
the temporary support applying empirical meth-
ods and to define the characteristics to adopt in
the calculation models, either by the finite element
method, by taking into account the elasto-plastic
behaviour of the rock mass, or by the hyperstatic
reactions method. This is complemented with a
thorough observation by a continuous geologic
survey of the rock mass, adapted to the develop-
ment of the excavations and with complementary
boreholes, as well as with measurements of dis-
placements inside the tunnels, at the surface or
inside the surrounding rock mass. Therefore, it is
possible to adapt, in effective time, the support
designed in a conservative way, to the effective
conditions of the rock mass, as well as to reduce
acknoWleDGMenTs
The authors are greatly indebted to estradas da
Madeira of the Região autónoma da Madeira for
authorizing the publication of this chapter.
ReFeRences
aFTes, 2003. caractérisation des massifs rocheux utile
à l'étude et à la réalisation des ouvrages.
Baião, c., Brito, J.M., Rosa, s.P., sousa, J.a., 2002.
Tunnels of the new expressways of Madeira island.
The case of the santa cruz tunnels.
Eurock 2002
:
657-664.
Bieniawski, Z.T. 1989.
Engineering rock mass classifica-
tions
. new York: John Wiley & sons.
european Parliament, 2004. Directive 2004/54/ec—
Minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the
Trans-european road network.
Official Journal of the
European Union
.
Rodrigues, P., Brito, J.M., Baptista, J.P., Rosa, s.,
Bandeira, c., 2002. Geotechnical and layout aspects
of the Pestana Júnior Tunnel (Funchal).
Eurock 2002
:
359-366.
