Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 4
Cell numbers (measured by flow cytometry) of marine eukaryotic phytoplank-
ton (natural population) exposed to different concentrations of Irgarol 1051 over a 72-h
period. Symbols indicate:
0 ng L
-1
112 ng L
-1
;
331 ng L
-1
;
465 ng L
-1
;
•
◦
(control);
∆
1082 ng L
-1
;
♦
2020 ng L
-1
(adapted from [21])
5
Recent Legislation
The permitted use of booster biocides in selected European Countries (those
of the ACE partners) has already been provided in Table 1. The legislative pos-
ition from a global perspective (a key points summary) is available
via
the
Internet [25].
In the UK, diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMTB, chlorothalonil, TCMS pyri-
dine, and Sea-Nine registrations have recently been removed for boats less
than 25 m (however, Sea-Nine is still registered on ships
>
25 m) [26]. The
currently registered biocides for boats less than 25 m are zinc pyrithione,
dichlofluanid, and zineb [26]. In the Netherlands, files for antifouling agents
are being reviewed. Current information can be obtained from the “College
vor Toelating van Bestrijdingsmiddelen” (CTB), the regulatory authority. In
Spain, Greece, and France, there are very limited registration schemes and, in
principle, all can be used. In Denmark, diuron and Irgarol 1051 were banned
for use on pleasure craft in 2000. Results from an environmental risk analysis
of Sea-Nine and zinc pyrithione in Danish waters demonstrated that, in most
cases examined, the PEC
predicted no effect
level) ratio was less than 1, indicating an acceptable risk. The European Union
has instituted the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) (98
/
PNEC (predicted no effect level
/
EC) for authori-
sation of biocidal products within the European Union. The BPD harmonises
/
8
/
