Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4.4
Other Nitrogen-containing Compounds
Primary amine moloka'iamine
441
,isolatedfromamarinesponge,
Pseudeo-
ceratina purpurea
, is a potential antifoulant against a zebra mussel,
Dreissena
polymorpha
,(EC
50
= 10.4
M). The moloka'iamine
441
showed the absence
of phytotoxic activity toward
Lemna pausicostata
and significant selectivity
against macrofouling organisms such as the zebra mussels and was suggested
to have the potential utility as a lead compound of naturally derived an-
tifoulants [45, 46].
Ethyl
N
-(2-phenylethyl)carbamate
442
isolated from marine bacteria,
Cy-
tophaga
sp. inhibited a biofilm formation. Furthermore, dithiocarbamate
derivatives of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylamine
443
, significantly inhibited the
growth of marine attaching bacteria (bioassay IC
50
0.5
µ
gcm
-2
) [47].
µ
5
Phenols
5.1
Monophenol Derivatives
Phenol compounds consist of monophenols having one hydroxy group and
polyphenols having two or more hydroxy groups on one phenyl group. They
generally show biocidal properties. Thererfore, many of these compounds are
used for pharmaceutical and agrochemical ingredients. These natural prod-
ucts are shown in Table 10 [49-57].
Trans-
6-, 8-, and 10-shogaols (
513
)wereobtainedfromahexaneextract
of the roots of ginger,
Zingiber officinale
. Roscocoe showed highly potent
attachment-inhibitors (three times more active than that of standard CuSO
4
in the blue mussel assay) from them.
Trans
-8-shogaol (
513
,
n
=8) showed
the highest antifouling activity comparable with that of tributyltin fluoride
(TBTF) which is recognized as one of the most effective antifouling agents in
a conventional submerged assay as shown in Table 11 [52].
Takasawa et al. [58] reported on many alkyl phenols with attaching re-
pellent activities in the blue mussels assay and with antifouling activities in
the conventional submerged assay as shown in Table 12 [58, 59]. Especially
p
-branched alkylphenols
516
,
517
show high repellent activities against the
blue mussels,
Mytilus edulis
and the same antifouling activity as the organotin
compounds [58, 59].
