Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
inhibited larval metamorphorsis of a barnacle
Balanus amphitrite
with ED
50
values of 15
gmL
-1
[32].
µ
4.2.3
Pyrazoles
5-Bromoverongamine
427
, a novel antifouling tyrosine alkaloid has been
isolated together with 5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrimidine
428
from the Caribbian Sea specimen of a marine sponge
Pseudoceratina
sp.[33].5-Bromoverongamine
427
inhibited the settlement of barnacle lar-
vae at 10
gL
-1
gL
-1
) and was not toxic at this concen-
µ
(EC
50
= 1.03
µ
tration [33].
4.2.4
Others
Pyrimidine derivative, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-hydroxymethyl-3,6-dimethyl-4-
pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
429
and azooanemonin
4210
were isolated from
amarinesponge
Protophitaspongia aga
. Their antifouling activity against the
barnacle is shown in Table 9 [48]. The activities of these compounds were
comparable to that of CuSO
4
. These compounds proved to be lethal to the
cyprids at 50 ppm [48].
Table 9
IC
50
Values (ppm) of primidine derivative
429
, zooanemonin
4210
,andCuSO
4
against barnacle [48]
Compound
24 hours
48 hours
Primidine derivative
429
5.0
6.7
Zooanemonin
4210
7.5
7.8
Cu
2
SO
4
4.0
5.2
Polymeric 3-alkylpridium salt
4211
from a Mediterranean sponge,
Re-
niera sarai
, was less effective for inhibiting the cyprid larvae settlement
as compared with the organic booster biocides, copper pyrithione or zinc
pyrithione, and their effects were non toxic and reversible, as measured by
very low toxicity bioassays [34].
Other heterocyclic compounds such as phenazine
4212
and alkylquinol
4213
, isolated from marine epibiotic bacteria,
Pseudomonas
sp., showed the
inhibition of settlement of barnacle larvae,
Balanus amphitrite
and lagal
spores of
Ulva lactuca
,andthegrowthof
Ulva lactuca
[35].