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inhibited larval metamorphorsis of a barnacle Balanus amphitrite with ED 50
values of 15
gmL -1 [32].
µ
4.2.3
Pyrazoles
5-Bromoverongamine 427 , a novel antifouling tyrosine alkaloid has been
isolated together with 5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 428
from the Caribbian Sea specimen of a marine sponge Pseudoceratina
sp.[33].5-Bromoverongamine 427 inhibited the settlement of barnacle lar-
vae at 10
gL -1
gL -1 ) and was not toxic at this concen-
µ
(EC 50 = 1.03
µ
tration [33].
4.2.4
Others
Pyrimidine derivative, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-hydroxymethyl-3,6-dimethyl-4-
pyrimidinecarboxylic acid 429 and azooanemonin 4210 were isolated from
amarinesponge Protophitaspongia aga . Their antifouling activity against the
barnacle is shown in Table 9 [48]. The activities of these compounds were
comparable to that of CuSO 4 . These compounds proved to be lethal to the
cyprids at 50 ppm [48].
Table 9 IC 50 Values (ppm) of primidine derivative 429 , zooanemonin 4210 ,andCuSO 4
against barnacle [48]
Compound
24 hours
48 hours
Primidine derivative 429
5.0
6.7
Zooanemonin 4210
7.5
7.8
Cu 2 SO 4
4.0
5.2
Polymeric 3-alkylpridium salt 4211 from a Mediterranean sponge, Re-
niera sarai , was less effective for inhibiting the cyprid larvae settlement
as compared with the organic booster biocides, copper pyrithione or zinc
pyrithione, and their effects were non toxic and reversible, as measured by
very low toxicity bioassays [34].
Other heterocyclic compounds such as phenazine 4212 and alkylquinol
4213 , isolated from marine epibiotic bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., showed the
inhibition of settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite and lagal
spores of Ulva lactuca ,andthegrowthof Ulva lactuca [35].
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