Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4 Diterpenes from marine sponge Acanthella carvernosa and their antifouling ac-
tivity [18-20]
Antifouling activity IC 50 ( µ gmL -1 )
Compound
Kalihinene X 3419
0.49
Kalihinene Y 3420
0.45
Kalihinene Z 3421
1.1
Kalihipyrans A 3422
1.3
Kalihipyrans B 3423
0.85
Kalihinol A 3414
0.087
10-Formamidokalihinene 3415
0.095
15-Formamidokalihinene 3424
0.14
Bifora-4,9,15-triene 3425
4.6
10-Formamido-5-isocyanatokalihinol-A 3426
ca. 0.05
10-Formamido-5-isothiocyanatokalihinol-A 3427
ca. 0.05
Cu 2 SO 4
0.15
tacorals Renilla reniformis and Leptogorgia virgulata , are potent inhibitors
of barnacle settlement, however, these are comparatively complex and
thus are not amenable to commercial exploitation. Clare et al. [22] ex-
amined about 20 analogues, bases on the functional groups of lactone
and furan rings in the parent molecules, such as 2-furyl- n -pentyl ketone,
khellin and
-decanolactone for anti-settlement activity and toxicity. Es-
pecially, 2-furyl- n -pentyl ketone 3417 (EC set50 0.002
γ
µ
M) was more active
than copper (CuSO 4
·
5H 2 O) in preventing the settlement of diatom, Nitzschia
spp. [22].
Fusetani et al. [18] isolated two new diterpene formamides along with
seven known ditepenes from a marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa at
Yakushima Island in Japan. These nine diterpenes showed potent antifoul-
ing activities against larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite as shown in
Table 4 [19, 20]. The new kalihipyrans A ( 3422 )andB( 3423 )inhibitedthelar-
val settlement and metamorphosis of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite with
IC 50 of 1.3 and 0.85
gmL -1 , respectively. These activities are comparable to
those of kaihinene X-Z (IC 50 : 3419 = 0.49, 3420 = 0.45, 3421 = 1.1
µ
gmL -1 ),
whereas the corresponding isocyano compounds are more active (IC 50 : 3414
= 0.087, 3415 = 0.095, 3424 = 0.14
µ
gmL -1 ) [18]. Further, 10
µ
β
-formamido-5-
isocyanatokalihinol-A 3426 and 10
-formamido-5-isothiocyanatokalihinol-
A 3427 were highly antifouling with the IC 50 of only ca. 0.05
β
gmL -1 [20]. It
µ
should be noted that these 10
-formamido-5-kalihinens 3426 and 3427 were
more active than CuSO 4 (IC 50 : 0.15
β
gmL -1 ), and their toxicities were quite
µ
low [24].
Search WWH ::




Custom Search