Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2
(continued)
Compound
Living thing
Refs.
Species
(Analogues diterpene marine product
Renilla reniformis
antifoulants to pukalide and renillafoulin)
Leptogorgia virgulata
3.5 Sesterterpenes and Their Derivatives
22-Acetoxy-16
β
-hydroxy-24-methyl-
palauan marine sponge
[23]
24-oxoscalarano-25, 12
-lactone
351
24-Methyl-12,24,25-trioxoscalar-
β
Lendenfeldia chondrodes
16-en-22-oic acid
352
Terpenes, terpeneoids and their derivatives such as glucosides are inves-
tigated for using them as antifouling agents. These agents are shown in
Table 2 [5-23], and Schemes 1 and 2.
3.2
Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives
Halogenated monoterpene, 1,10,10-tribromo-3,4,7-trichloro-3,7-dimethyl-
1,5-octadiene
321
, is obtained from sea hare,
Aplysia californica
[6, 7]. It
showed an activity to deter the settlement of barnacle larvae, suggesting a po-
tential ecological role of its terpene [5].
3.3
Susquiterpenes and Their Derivatives
Susquiterpenes, deschloroelatol (
331
)andelatol
(332
) extracted from a tem-
perate marine red alga,
Laurencia rigida
, exhibited a wide spectrum of activ-
ity against fungi, bacteria and algae such as
Ustilago violace
,
Bacillus mega-
terium
and
Chlorella fusca
[8].
New isocyanosesquiterpene alcohol (
333
) was obtained from a nudibranch
Phyllidia pustulosa
, possessing an almost the same potent antifouling activ-
ity (0.17
gmL
-1
)againstthelarvaeofabarnacle
Balanus amphitrite
with very weak lethality [9].
Furanosesquiterpene (
334
) which is 2-hydroxy-9,11-dimethyl-10-methy-
lene-3-oxatricyclo[7.3.1.0
2,6
]tridec-5-en-4-one, isolated from a Palauan ma-
rine sponge,
Dysidea herbacea
, showed a weak repellent activity against a blue
mussel,
Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis
.A100% antifouling activity was ob-
served at a concentration of 100 ppm. However, the tested mussels showed no
reactivity at a concentration less than 10 ppm [10].
gmL
-1
)asCuSO
4
(0.15
µ
µ
