Toxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Alternative Antifouling Biocides to Aquatic Organisms - Antifouling Paint Biocides - page 213

Toxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment
of Alternative Antifouling Biocides to Aquatic Organisms

Hisashi Yamada
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science,
Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanagawa, 236-8648 Yokohama, Japan
[e-mail]

1 I tr cti n ................................... 214

2 Harmful Effects of the New Biocides on Aquatic Organisms ........ 216

2.1 Chlorothalonil.................................. 216

2.2 SeaNine211................................... 217

2.3 ZnPTandCuPT................................. 217

2.4 PK ........................................ 219

2.5 Irgarol 1051 ................................... 219

3 Preliminary Risk Assessment ......................... 223

4 cl si s ................................... 225

References ....................................... 225

Abstract Published literature has been reviewed regarding the toxicity of representative
alternative antifouling biocides (Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid, Diuron, Irgarol 1051, Sea
Nine 211, TCMTB, Zineb, ZnPT, CuPT and PK) in aquatic environments, and their haz-
ardous impact on aquatic environments has been evaluated using the information obtained
during the process of review. The following statements represent the conclusions. Acute tox-
icities of the alternative antifouling biocides are in a range of 10 -3 to 10 1 mg L -1 .Irgarol
1051 exhibits especially high toxicity to phytoplankton and seaweed. On the basis of these
toxicity values the biocides are classified as “toxic to very toxic” by the OECD classification
guidelines. The acute toxicity value of M1, which is a degradation product of Irgarol 1051,
ranges between 10 -2 and 10 1 mg L -1 . M1 is also classified as “toxic” to “very toxic” by the
OECD classification guidelines. The toxicity levels of these alternative antifouling biocides
are almost the same as TBT. The reported concentrations of Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea Nine
211 exceed the respective PNEC values especially in marinas and fishery harbors imply-
ing that Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea Nine 211 are already causing a hazardous impact on the
aquatic ecosystem in some marinas and fishery harbors. In order to assess the ecotoxico-
logical risk of these biocides in detail, further research to clarify the toxicity and to develop
the methods of estimating concentrations in natural waters are needed.

Keywords Alternative biocide · Aquatic organisms · Risk assessment ·

TBT free antifouling paints · To x i c i t y

Abbreviations
EC 50

median effect concentration

CuPT bis-(1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethionate-O,S) copper