Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
NACS Naphthenic acids, copper salts
SN211 Sea-Nine 211
TBT Tributyltin
TCPM
N
-(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)maleimide
Thiram Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
TPBP
Triphenylborane-pyridine
TPN
Chlorothalonil
ZnPT
Zinc pyrithione
1
Introduction
Not enough information on the new antifouling agents as tributyltin (TBT)
substitutes has been released to public in Japan since a strict regulation
on organotin compounds began in the late 1980s. The manufacture of TBT
oxide has been prohibited since it was defined in 1989 as a “class 1 specified
chemical substance” by the law concerning Examination and Regulation of
Manufactures of Chemical Substances. Thirteen TBT compounds and seven
triphenyltin compounds were defined in 1990 as “class 2 specified chem-
ical substances,” requiring a report on the manufacturing
importing of these
substances, and they have not been legally used in Japan since 1996. There-
fore, ship antifouling paints that have been manufactured in Japan since 1996
are considered not to contain organotins.
Limited information on the efficiency of TBT substitutes has been available
worldwide since the late 1990s [1-3]. Until early 2004, there was only limited
information on the TBT substitutes regularly used in Japan [4, 5]. Therefore,
environmental scientists have analyzed residue levels of suspected antifoul-
ing agents to investigate their potential use in Japan. Detection of Irgarol 1051
(Irgarol), its metabolite, and Diuron in water samples collected from coastal
marinas, fishery harbors, and ports has provided information on their pos-
sible use in antifouling paints on ships and boats in Japan [6-9]. Meanwhile,
the “International convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems
on ships, 2001 (IMO Convention)” was adopted at the International Mar-
itime Organization (IMO) diplomatic conference held in October 2001. The
Japanese government ratified the IMO Convention in July 2003. The conven-
tion requires publicly accessible data to be provided on TBT substitutes that
have been or will be introduced into the Japanese market as antifouling paint
products. The antifouling systems used in Japan are regulated by the Japan
Paint Manufacturers' Association (JPMA), and “the JPMA list of registered
organotin-free anti-fouling paints (the List)” was first publicly available in
early 2004 [10]. It is clearly defined on their website that the aim of the JPMA
self-regulatory management program is to provide IMO Convention com-
pliance information and related information to ship owners, ship operators,
government regulatory authorities and other related bodies, by examining
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