Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan: Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan - Antifouling Paint Biocides - page 201

Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan:
Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan

Hideo Okamura ( )·HirohisaMieno

Faculty of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Fukaeminami, 5-1-1 Higashinada,
658-0022 Kobe, Japan
[e-mail]

1 I tr cti n ................................... 202

2 TBT Substitutes in Japan ............................ 203

2.1 BiocidesinAntifoulingPaintProducts .................... 203

2.2 CombinationsofBiocideMixtures....................... 204

2.3 EffectivenessofAntifoulingPaints....................... 211

3 cl si s ................................... 211

References ....................................... 212

Abstract An international conference held by the International Maritime Organization in
October 2001 adopted an “International convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling
systems on ships.” This treaty includes bans on the use of harmful organotin compounds,
which act as biocides in paint products. The Japanese government ratified the treaty in
July 2003. The Japan Paint Manufacturers' Association (JPMA) has commenced a pro-
gram of self-control of antifouling systems in Japan and has issued on their website a list
of registered paint products with and without certain biocides. The purpose of this review
is to assess the status of the antifouling systems that are being used in Japan, based on
the JPMA list. A total of 380 paint products from ten paint companies were registered by
June 2005. Sixteen biocides are registered in 359 products, and the remaining 21 products
contain no biocides. Single biocides are used in 60 products, as two-mixtures in 200 prod-
ucts, as three-mixtures in 80 products, and as four-mixtures in 19 products. Five biocides,
such as cuprous oxide, triphenylborane-pyridine, Sea-Nine 211, copper thiocyanate, and
chlorothalonil, are used as a single product. Combinations such as cuprous oxide and
copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione and triphenylborane-pyridine, cuprous oxide and Di-
uron, and cuprous oxide and zinc pyrithione are mainly used in two-biocide mixtures to
produce synergistic antifouling effects.

Keywords Biocide · Combination · Mixture · Organotin-free · Paint

Abbreviations
CuPT

Copper pyrithione

DCF Dichlofluanid

Densil Densil S-100

IMO International Maritime Organization

Irgarol Irgarol 1051

JPMA Japan Paint Manufacturers' Association