Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
chapter relate to the substantial efforts of all partners within the ACE
project.
2
Usage of Antifouling Agents
Usage of antifouling paints differs regionally according to legislation, location
of the manufacturer, marketing and consumer preferences. Whilst the list of
potential booster biocides provided above is substantial, not all compounds
are marketed. For example in the UK, although recent legislative changes have
occurred (as discussed in Sect. 5), during the last decade usage of antifoul-
ing agents was massively dominated by copper(1)oxide followed by (in order
of usage) diuron, Irgarol 1051, zinc pyrithione and dichlofluanid [7]. This
will change with the newly introduced legislation (see Sect. 5). Within ACE,
similar investigations on usage were undertaken in all the partner's mem-
ber states. Table 1 summarises the booster biocides that are permitted on
yachts less than 25 m in length. Investigations revealed that of these products,
Table 1 Usage of booster biocides: ingredients permitted for use on yachts < 25 m
UK a
France b
Greece b
Spain b
Denmark c
Neth a,c
Sweden
+ d
Copper(1) oxide
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ d
Copper thiocyanate
+
+
+
+
+ d
Cu powder
+
Chromium trioxide
+
Diuron
-
+
+
+
-
+
Irgarol 1051
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
Zinc pyrithione
+
+
+
+
-
+
Dichlofluanid
+
+
+
+
+
TCMTB
-
Chlorothalonil
-
+
+
TCMS pyridine
-
+ e
Sea-Nine 211
-
+
Ziram
+
+
Zineb
+
+
Folpet
+
5 b
7 b
5 b
To t a l
3
1
2
5
(booster biocides)
a
UK=UnitedKingdomandNeth=TheNetherlands
b
/
very limited
no approval scheme (in principle, all can be used)
c
regulations currently under debate
d
leach rate regulated on west coast; banned on east coast
e
although approved, product not used on pleasure craft
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