Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Development, Occurrence and Regulation
of Antifouling Paint Biocides:
Historical Review and Future Trends
James W. Readman
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
jwre@pml.ac.uk
1
Background and Historical Perspectives
...................
1
2
Usage of Antifouling Agents ..........................
4
3
Extent of Contamination ............................
5
4
Fates, Effects and Environmental Risks ....................
10
5
Recent Legislation ................................
12
6
Future Developments ..............................
13
7
cl si s
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14
References
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14
Abstract Antifouling agents have been used on ships since the ancient Roman and Greek
civilizations. A brief history is provided through to the demise of tributyltin (TBT) and
the introduction of organic “booster” biocides. It is upon these latter compounds that
the chapter is focused. A broad description of published data and of work undertaken
through the Assessment of Antifouling Agents in Coastal Environments (ACE) project
is provided to afford an overview of levels, behaviours and potential threats posed by
the compounds. Legislative measures that influence and control usage are described.
Finally, options for antifouling measures projected into the future are described and
discussed.
Keywords Antifouling
·
Booster biocides
·
Environmental behaviour
·
History
·
Regulations
1
Background and Historical Perspectives
Antifouling of boats and ships is not a new concept. The history of antifoul-
ing has recently been reviewed [1]. The ancient civilizations of the Romans
and the Greeks coated their vessels with lead sheathing secured by cooper
nails. Columbus' ships are thought to have been coated with pitch and tal-
low. In the UK, lead sheathing was abandoned by the Navy in the late 1600s
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