Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2.5
Sea-Nine 211/Kathon
Sea-Nine 211 has been detected in Japan [68]. It has been detected in mari-
nas in Spain, Denmark and Greece in high concentrations but for only short
periods of time [67, 69, 70]. This may be due to its rapid degradation [31]; its
half-life in sea water has been reported as between 24 h [70] and 8.5 days [48].
In another study on the fate of Kathon in the aquatic environment, it was
found that its half-life was less than 1 h in both an aerobic and an anaerobic
microcosm consisting of marine sediment and seawater [71].
Kathon concentrations in five UK marinas were recorded as being below
detection limits, and this was attributed to the fact that sampling took place
outside the main boating season, although the extent to which Kathon is used
in the UK was also questioned [69]. Indeed it is no longer permitted for ama-
teur use in the UK [35].
2.6
TCMTB (Busan) and TCMS Pyridine (Densil 100)
The presence of both TCMTB and TCMS pyridine is also reported as being
below detection limits [69]; as with Kathon, TCMTB is not permitted for am-
ateur use in the UK [35].
2.7
Zinc Pyrithione
Zinc pyrithione concentrations have been below detection limits in the
UK [69, 72], possibly because it biodegrades rapidly or accumulates in sedi-
ments [31]. However, in conditions where light is limited zinc pyrithione does
not biodegrade rapidly, and may therefore persist [73].
2.8
Zineb
Data on the occurrence of zineb in the marine environment are limited, per-
haps because the methodology for its monitoring is less clearly defined than
for other booster biocides [74]. Despite the paucity of information it is one of
the remaining organic booster biocides that is permitted for both professional
and amateur use [35].
