Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2 Other applications of booster biocides. (From Ref. [24])
Compound
Other applications
Chlorothalonil
Agriculture (fungicide), paints, adhesives
Dichlofluanid
Agriculture (fungicide)
Diuron
Agriculture (herbicide)
Irgarol 1051
Agriculture (herbicide)
Kathon 5287
No other applications
(Sea-Nine 211)
Maneb
Agriculture (fungicide in fruits and vegetable crops)
TCMS pyridine
No other applications
TCMTB (Busan)
Agriculture (fungicide), wood preservative, leather industry
Thiram
Agriculture (fungicide, leaf and seed treatment)
Zinc pyrithione
Agriculture (bactericide, fungicide), shampoos (at concentrations
of around 1%)
Zineb
Agriculture (fungicide, fruits and vegetable crops)
Ziram
Agriculture (fungicide, fruits and vegetable crops)
applications: TCMTB, TCMS pyridine, zinc pyrithione and the dithiocarba-
mates thiram, ziram, zineb and maneb. These are protective fungicides with
a wide range of action against a number of organisms.
For booster biocides available data on their occurrence, fate and tox-
icity, with regards to antifouling applications, have been reviewed [24, 31-33].
Table 1 shows some chemical properties of these biocides. As a result, recently
Irgarol and diuron were banned in the UK [34] and chlorothalonil has been
banned from amateur use [35].
In addition, agricultural and industrial uses of these biocides represent
significant inputs to the marine environment. Chlorothalonil is a fungicide
used widely and in large quantities in agriculture, often to control the fungal
disease Septaria, which is encouraged by the misty, moist conditions found
around estuaries such as the Blackwater region of Essex [41]. As it is applied
in spring, runoff is likely to occur up to a month later (depending on rainfall)
when there is a pulse of input into the aquatic environment [42]. Monitoring
data support this, indicating that agricultural runoff is an important source
of chlorothalonil to the marine environment [41]. Table 2 summarises other
applications of booster biocides.
2
Occurrence and Fate in Waters
Booster biocides were introduced into antifouling paint formulations only
after the restrictions imposed on the use of organotins. Limited monitoring
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