Antifouling Paint Booster Biocides: Occurrence and Partitioning inWater and Sediments - Antifouling Paint Biocides - page 155

Antifouling Paint Booster Biocides:
Occurrence and Partitioning in Water and Sediments

Nikolaos Voulvoulis
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road,
London SW7 2BP, UK
[e-mail]

1 I tr cti n ................................... 156

2 Occurrence and Fate in Waters ......................... 158

2.1 Irgarol ...................................... 159

2.2 Diuron ...................................... 160

2.3 Chlorothalonil.................................. 160

2.4 Dichlofluanid .................................. 160

2.5 Sea-Nine 211 / Kathon .............................. 161

2.6 TCMTB (Busan) and TCMS Pyridine (Densil 100) . . ............ 161

2.7 ZincPyrithione ................................. 161

2.8 Zineb....................................... 161

3 Partitioning and Fate in Sediments ...................... 162

3.1 Irgarol ...................................... 162

3.2 Diuron ...................................... 164

3.3 Chlorothalonil.................................. 164

3.4 Dichlofluanid .................................. 165

3.5 Sea-Nine 211 / Kathon .............................. 165

3.6 TCMTB (Busan) and TCMS Pyridine (Densil 100) . . ............ 165

3.7 ZincPyrithioneandZineb ........................... 165

4 Discussion .................................... 166

5 cl si s ................................... 167

References ....................................... 167

Abstract Followingthebanontheuseoftributyltin(TBT)inantifouling,severalorganic
booster biocides have been used in conjunction with copper in antifouling paints as alter-
native treatments. With the further restrictions on the use of TBT in commercial shipping,
it is expected that these biocides will be used to a greater extent in the future. Limited data
are available on the environmental occurrence, fate, toxicity and persistence of these bio-
cides. Relatively little monitoring has been carried out, possibly owing to the comparatively
recent introduction, limited usage and perceived lower toxicity of these biocides in compar-
ison with TBT. The fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment is closely linked to
their partitioning between aqueous media and particulate matter and sediment. Partition-
ing depends on physicochemical parameters dictated by water chemistry and geographical
considerations. Sorption is responsible for reducing booster biocides' concentration and
toxicity in the water column and is also the principal pathway for accumulation in sedi-