Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1
Summary of leaching rate estimates reported from various experimental and
modelling studies
Compound
Leaching rate
Type of study
Refs.
cm
2
µ
g
/
/
day
TBT
0.5-2.1
flume and rotary test system
[9]
1.5-4
ASTM test system
[15]
2.5
model Marina
[16]
0.1-5
model Harbor
[17]
model ships
>
25 m
1.3-3.0
[18]
4
model
[19]
Cu
18-21
flume and rotary test system
[9]
25-40
ASTM test system
[16]
4-6*
modified ASTM test
[8]
1-20
not specified
[20]
8-25
model ships
>
12 m
[18]
37-101
model ships
>
25 m
[18]
Irgarol
2.6
flume test system
[21]
5.0
ISO test system
2-16
model marina
[22]
5
model marina
[23]
Sea-Nine 211
3.0
flume test system
[21]
2.9
ISO test system
1 (0.1-5)
model harbor
[17]
2.5
field and model study
[11]
Zinc pyrythione
3.3
ISO test system
[21]
Diuron
0.8
flume test system
[21]
3.3
ISO test system
Dichlofluanid
0.6
flume test system
[21]
1.7
ISO test system
TCMS pyridine
0.6
flume test system
[21]
3.8
ISO test system
∗
After 21 days. During the first 21 days leaching rates ranged between 7-61
µ
g
/
cm
2
/
day
(15-35‰), and pH (7.5-8.5) have a significant impact on the actual leaching
rate of Cu and TBT, with an increased leaching rate at higher speed, tempera-
ture, and salinity and at lower pH. In experimental studies conducted earlier
by Thomas et al. [9] with the flume and rotary ISO test systems no such ef-
fects were found for Cu, and a lowering of TBT leaching at higher speeds. Due
to the slow response of the leaching behavior to changes in these parame-
ters [7, 9], actual leaching rates in coastal environments are probably highly
variable and also dependent on previous time spent at sea or in port. Despite
the large impact on the uncertainty of emission estimation, a surprisingly low
number of experimental studies have been published in the open scientific
literature. Much of the in-company information on experimental leaching
