Digital Signal Processing Reference
In-Depth Information
expressways, etc. Annotating proper nouns is useful for designing the lexicon
and grammar for ASR. It is also convenient for designing class
N
-grams used
by the ASR, where proper nouns with the label
X
form a class
X.
Next, we tagged each of the speaker utterances using the labels to
distinguish the type of task to which they belonged. We defined the following
ten task labels:
Introduction
Traffic
Restaurant
Tourist attraction
Shopping
Hotel
Parking
Weather
Facility
General
The 'Introduction' label indicates utterances belonging to the introductory
part of the next task, which is typically attested at the beginning of the dialog
and explains the speaker's intent to the operator.
The 'Parking' label indicates utterances belonging to the task of locating
parking lot information. However, we do not label utterances as 'Parking'
when the speaker is talking about parking lots for other facilities, such as
restaurants and tourist attractions. For example, the utterance 'Does the
restaurant have a parking lot?' would be labeled as 'Restaurant'.
The 'Facility' label indicates utterances belonging to information about
facilities such as gas stations, ATMs, toilets, etc.
The 'General' label indicates utterances that may appear in any type of
task. For example, “Yes.” and “I see.” are labeled as 'General'.
Figure 8 shows an example of a transcribed text. English translations
appear below the utterances. The annotated proper nouns are “Tokyo Station”
and “Hakone”. The task labels are shown using the notation '::<Task label>'.
The dialog starts with the operator utterance “Driving information center, may
I help you?” The speaker desires route guidance from Tokyo Station to
Hakone. The speaker's second and third utterances are labeled as 'Traffic'.
Other speaker utterances, 'Yes.' and 'Well,…' are labeled as 'General'.
Figure 3-9 shows examples of utterances labeled as 'Introduction'. With
these utterances, the speaker explains that she is going to Izu for the first time
before asking about hotel information.
