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Figure 3.9. Classifi cation, expectations and frustrations of amentity migrants in Pucón and
Villarrica, Chile (Source: Borsdorf et al. 2012).
Tourism in manifold forms influences the local culture in the
destinations. Culture may be defined as the complex composite of
knowledge, beliefs, moral laws, conventions, customs, abilities and practices
humans developed in their society (Tylor 1871). Today we may add the
defi nition of White (1948): “Culture is a vast stream of tools, utensils, beliefs
that are constantly interacting with each other, creating new combinations
and synthesis. New elements are added constantly to the stream; obsolete
traits drop out. The culture of today is but the cross section of this stream
at the present moment, the resultant of the age-old process of interaction,
selection, rejection, and accumulation that has preceded us.”
In the 1970s and 1980s the socio-cultural effects of tourism in peripherical
regions (like mountains) were discussed intensively (Krippendorf 1984)
whereas today a more moderate perspective is dominant, regarding tourism
as one factor among others which causes cultural change. There are four
phases of cultural infl uence on the visited regions (Lüem 1985): In the
beginning of tourism, tourists are perceived by the locals as idle rich and
compared with the own situation, often characterized by relative poverty
and hard work. The next step is an imitation effect which causes socio-
cultural changes. The adoption of foreign cultural goods (clothing, music,
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