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and corporate stakeholders are the winners, with a majority of rural people
remaining at the periphery of this form of development.
In this context, the resilience and adaptive capacities of rural
communities are precarious, and their outcome is diffi cult to assess. It
appears though, that a sustainable securing of the livelihoods depends
both on successful endogenous factors and favorable exogenous infl uences
and interventions. Within the rural societies an intensifi ed education and
training ( capacitaciĆ³n ) and a mobilization and empowerment of people
to remain 'in control' of their environment, and to fi nd their own forms
of resilience, adaptive strategies and development alternatives, will be
imperative. However, these efforts have to be 'accompanied' and supported
by an external fi nancial, infrastructural, technical and political assistance.
The ultimate objective of this partnership support has to be a sustainable
and equitable improvement of the livelihoods for the majority of campesinos ,
rather than the often prevailing aim of maximizing outputs and profi ts for
a small minority of stakeholders, without much concern for a responsible
environmental stewardship. Stadel (2006) has pleaded for a campesino-
oriented development and has suggested a conceptual model of 'Sustainable
Campesino Communities' on the basis of favorable intrinsic and extrinsic
infl uences (Fig. 19.1).
Figure 19.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic factors of resilient and sustainable campesino communities
Source: C. Stadel 1995 (modifi ed 2011).
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