Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
systems” (Leff 2006), or “traditional knowledge” (Toledo y Bassols
2008).
5. Academic analyses of this problem of the unique character of
these peoples and their confl ictual relationships with the dominant
institutions are assuming an important role in the discussions of their
possibilities for developing different paths for achieving material
and cultural well-being consistent with environmental balance. An
outstanding example of this is Venkateswara and Hughes (2011).
6. For two detailed studies that offer an historical review of these struggles
in Mexico, consult Klooster (2000), Mathews (2003), and Fuente and
Barkin (2011).
7. There is an abundant literature tracing the significance of this
'heterodox' approach to development and tracing its roots to Indo-
American thinking over the past centuries. For a critique of the
Western development model in English see Rist (2008). A prominent
Latin American development critique, Celso Furtado, enjoys broad
respect for his thoughtful contributions (Boianovsky 2010), while other
insightful contemporary thinkers, strongly infl uenced by the work of
Ivan Illich (1973), include Arturo Escobar (2010) and Gustavo Esteva
(2001).
8. For more information on this work see, for example: Funtowicz and
Ravetz (1993); and Ravetz and Funtowicz (1999). Some collections of
analytical articles and case studies can be found in: Frey (2000) and
Berkes and Folke (1998). For discussions of the way in which research
methodologies are being transformed to attend to this new vision
of collaboration, see, for example, Pohl et al. 2010, Rist et al. 2003. A
different approach is evident in the experiences documented by the
Forum of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (http://www.
iccaforum.org) (Borrini-Feyerbend et al. 2010).
9. This approach is elaborated at greater length in Barkin (1998) as well
as in Toledo (2000).
10. A collaborator in this project also used this information to develop a
treatment for arteriosclerosis!
11. A note on the role of wage labor in this strategy is in order. Although
many members of the communities described in this paper search
for work in the capitalist fi rms and receive wages, including some
who migrate abroad in search of higher incomes, the ability of the
community to offer them a refuge, a place to return to where their
livelihood and that of the family is guaranteed, gives them a measure
of freedom that most workers do not have; the proletarian relationship,
with its accompanying process of alienation, depends to a large extent
on the lack of alternatives for people who must accept the wage-labor
accord or face starvation.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search