High Tatra—The Challenges of Natural Disaster Recovery and Complex Changes - Impact of Global Changes on Mountains: Responses and Adaptation - page 375

between The State Forest Company and the National Park Administration
as well, as the state forest administration prefers to retain more land in the B
zone allowing an intervention approach in the hope of changing its present
unnatural situation to a more natural one. In accordance with the IUCN
mission report (Crofts et al. 2005) this debate raises an important issue of
principle which divides the two organizations; whether it is reasonable to
have an unnatural forest ecosystem in the core area of the park and leave
nature to its own devises, or whether to have human intervention to give
a greater chance of success of renaturalization.
New Modes of Recovery Strategies
A key critical factor in the case of the High Tatras consolidation is the seen
misfi t between natural and social systems accelerated by the natural disaster
(windstorm) that occurred in 2004. Thus we propose a concept of social
and ecological dynamics to highlight human dependence on the capacity
of ecosystems to generate essential services, and the vast importance of
ecological feedbacks for societal development. The Socio-Ecological System
(SES) represents such interconnection. SES include societal (human) and
ecological (biophysical) subsystems in mutual interactions (Gallopin 1991).
SES concept places humans within nature and focuses on the way in which
interconnections between people and their biophysical contexts produce
complex adaptive systems.
Both social and ecological systems contain units that interact
interdependently and each may contain interactive subsystems as well. A
social system includes economy, actors and institutions in mutual interaction
(Kluvánková-Oravská 2009). Ecological systems include self-regulating
communities of organisms interacting with one another and with their
environment (Berkes et al. 2003). Adaptive governance implies establishing
compatibility between ecosystems and social systems by creating effi cient
social norms and rules that are capable to manage systems in an effective and
sustainable way. The connectivity pattern within and between social and
ecological systems plays an important role in designing effective institutions
for sustainable resource use (Gatzweiler and Hagedorn 2002). Resilience, the
concept originally used by ecologists in their analysis of population ecology
of lands and animals and in the study of managing ecosystems (Folke 2006),
is seen as a possible concept to study socio-ecological dynamics. Innovative
is the capacity to absorb shocks while maintaining function and provides
components for renewal and reorganization following disturbance and
sustains capacity for adaptation and learning (Holling 1973, Carpenter et
al. 2001, Folke 2006). A resilient ecosystem has the capacity to withstand
shocks and surprises and, if damaged, to rebuild itself. In a resilient socio-
ecological system, the process of rebuilding after disturbance promotes