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Figure 10.17. Indus river after fl ood in 2010. Many areas remained under water for months
after the rains subsided from 2010's extreme monsoon fl ood in northwestern Pakistan. The
effects were lasting, fl ood water in Sindh Province did not fully receded that provided the
perfect breeding ground for malaria carrying mosquitoes and waterborne diseases such as
cholera. In early 2011, fl ood water receded considerably, but some areas remained submerged
preventing many people returning to their homes in parts of Sindh and Balochistan Provinces.
These false-color satellite images show flood water in western Sindh province in September
2010, November 2010, and January 2011. It is apparent that roads and other infrastructure
constrained the flow of flood water. NASA images by Robert Simmon, using data from Landsat
5 (NASA Earth Observatory).
HKH are far below freezing point and slowly rising, and may take several
decades to reach above 0°C (between 50-150 years). For example, AX010
glacier takes 8 years to exhibit its terminus response to changing climate,
and takes between 29 and 56 year (volume response time) and between 37
and 70 year (length response time) following the changes in mass balance
condition (Adhikari et al. 2009). Response time of the majority of glaciers
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