Glossary - Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East and Southeast Asia - page 492

Golden Quadrilateral India' s nationwide four lane express-
way linking major nodes of its urban system.
Grameen Bank A non-government organization in Bangladesh.
The bank offers small loans to the poor, mostly women, to get
a business started.
Great Leap Forward The communization of China' s workers
beginning in 1958. Agricultural cooperatives were reorgan-
ized into People' s communes holding several cooperatives
and thousands of individuals. Communization was expanded
to include urban and industrial regions.
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution A period of giant social,
political, and economic upheaval in China. Beginning in 1966,
an estimated 100 million people were targeted for reeducation
and forcible movement to different regions of the country .
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS) Japan' s
ambition to lend an empire composed of Asian countries
minus European imperialists. The plan was halted when the
United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Greenhouse gases Gases such as CO 2 that are released into
the atmosphere by clear-cutting of the Earth' s forests.
Green Revolution The use of high-yielding, pest-resistant
seeds in agriculture.
Growing season

Historic inertia A phenomenon in which people continue to
live in and migrate to places where other people already live
and opportunities are perceived to exist. As a consequence,
densely populated areas are most likely to continue to be
densely populated.
Ho Chi Minh The founder of the Indochina Communist
Party . Leader of North Vietnam from 1954 until his death in
1969.
Hollowed-out industry In Japan, an industry that has lost its
competitive edge due to rising labor costs and is forced to
seek cheaper labor elsewhere, typically overseas.
Honor killings Killing of females who are perceived to have
dishonored the family in Muslim societies.
Household responsibility system A return to family farming in
China whereby farmers are to meet government quotas but have
the remainder of the crops to keep or sell on the open market.
Hsia-fang (downward transfer)movement. The transfer of
millions of youths and others to the countryside during
China' s Cultural Revolution.
Hsuan-tsang Chinese pilgrim who spent 13 years in India
from 630 to 643 AD. He furthered the spread of Buddhism in
China.
Hu Jintao General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
since 2002. Also president of the People' s Republic of China
since 2003.
Hukou Household registration system in China. Every Chi-
nese citizen is registered as nonagricultural or agricultural.
Registration includes one' s particular geographic location,
and it is very difficult to alter one' is classification.
Human Development Index (HDI) A composite index that
measures a country' s average achievements in health, knowl-
edge and a decent standard of living
Human trafficking T Trafficking of girls (rarely boys) within
and between countries for purposes of sex or servitude.
Hydrological Referring to water.
Hyperurbanization Extremely rapid city growth.
Ilustrados Spanish-educated descendants of powerful landed
families in the Philippines.
Imam Islamic religious leader.
Indenturedservitude A state in which poor farmers who bor-
row from landlords, become victims of usurious interest
charges, and remain indebted for the rest of their lives.
India' s Golden Age A period during the fourth to sixth cen-
turies when art, science, and mathematics flourished under
the Guptas.
India' s Silicon V alley A region of high-tech industries cen-
tered on Bangalore.
Indus Waters Treaty In 1960, divided the tributaries of the
Indus River between India and Pakistan.
Industrial crops

The number of consecutive, frost-free days

in a year.
Growth triangle A triangle of economic growth regions often
involving more than one country .
Growth pole A center designated to attract industry and

development.
Gun-salute states Indian princely states and estates where
the number of gun salutes—21, 15, 10—indicated the impor-
tance of the ruler.
Guptas Rulers of India who united northern India around
320 AD. Art, mathematics, science, and literature flowered
during the Gupta period, also known as India' s Golden Age.
Gurkhas British-trained Nepalese troops.
Guru A spiritual advisor in Hinduism.
Guru Nanak Founder of Sikhism in the fifteenth century .
Hajj A pilgrimage to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
One of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Hamun Dry lakes or playas found in Baluchistan, Pakistan.
Hangul Korean lettering system developed in the fifteenth
century under King Sejong.
Hartal A labor strike in Bangladesh.
Hearth areas Places of origin of cultural phenomena.
Hill stations Communities at higher elevations used by the
British as refuges from the summer heat of the lowlands. Dur-
ing the Raj, they were socially and spatially segregated from
Indian areas.
Hindutva “Hinduness,” a desire to make India a country
where Hindu principles prevail.
Hiragama Japanese syllabary that permits the expression of
words and parts of speech not easily represented by Chinese
characters.

Non-food crops such as cotton and rubber.

Infant mortality Death rate of infants 0 to 1 year old per

1,000 births.
Infidels According to Muslims, people who do not believe

in Islam.