Caffeine as an Ingredient in Sugar Sweetened Beverages - Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects - page 30

to10%) (Striegel-Moore et al 2006) and larger portions of their intakes are
contributed by beverages (Troiano et al 2000).

2.7 SSB and Body Weight
The association between SSB, weight change and obesity is still not clear, but
the bulk of the evidence indicates a positive association between increased SSB
consumption and body weight. Recent reviews of the literature have
investigated this association (Malik et al 2006; Vartanian et al. 2007). The
reviews included cross sectional, prospective cohorts, and clinical studies. The
pooled evidence from these studies indicates there is indeed a positive
correlation between consumption of SSB, higher energy intakes and weight
gain (Malik et al 2006; Vartanian et al 2007).

d n 0 t 2 n g | 2

2.7.1 Cross Sectional Studies
One of the largest cross sectional studies used results from three NHANES
between the years 1970-1994, using a representative sample of 10 371 children
and adolescents aged 2 to19 years in the United States. The authors concluded
that beverages contributed up to 24% of total energy amongst this age range
and SSB were the major source of liquid energy (Troiano et al 2000).
Overweight and obese subjects consumed 2% more energy from beverages than
normal weight subjects and amongst each age group SSB contributed a greater
amount of energy to total energy intake in overweight and obese subjects in
both males and females (2-5 y: 3.1% compared to 2.4%; 6-11y: 5.4% compared
to 4%; and 12-19y: 10.3% compared to 7.6%) (Troiano et al 2000). A large,
repeat cross sectional study conducted in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1999 in Sweden
used 5 915 persons to document trends in food choices and prevalence of
overweight and obesity, measured by waist circumference (Krachler et al
2006). Their findings suggest hamburgers, fried potatoes and SSB repeatedly
show up as positive determinants to higher waist circumferences and

occurrences of overweight and obesity (Krachler et al 2006).

2.7.2 Prospective Studies and Weight Change
A large prospective cohort from the United States which followed 16 771 of 9
to 14 year olds over a 2 year period found a significant association between
SSB consumption and BMI score (Berkey et al 2004). Another study which
followed 2 379 girls aged 9 to 10 years at baseline for 10 years found that SSB
consumption increased 3 fold over the course of the study and was associated
with changes in BMI and higher energy intakes (Striegel-Moore et al 2006).
The authors found that each 100 g serving of SSB contributed an additional 82
calories (344.4 kJ) and a significant increase in BMI (p,0.05) (Striegel-Moore
et al 2006). This finding is interesting as 100 g of SSB contains only 41 calories
(172.2 kJ). The authors have noted that in addition to excess energy, SSB may