Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
N
Large prospective studies of apparently healthy men and women have
consistently
shown
that
intake
of
caffeinated-coffee
and/or
caffeine
is
inversely related to T2D risk in a dose response manner.
N
Coffee is one of the most frequently consumed beverages worldwide and
about 500 billion cups of coffee are consumed annually.
N
Coffee contains a myriad of components including caffeine, cafestol,
kahweol, potassium, niacin, magnesium, tocopherols, and phenol chloro-
genic acid.
d
n
0
t
2
n
g
|
9
N
The inverse association between caffeine intake and T2D risk appears to be
stronger in women than men.
N
SHBG may account for caffeine's potential protective effect of caffeine on
glucose metabolism.
N
Caffeine may directly stimulate insulin secretion via the antagonism of
adenosine A1-receptors in the pancreatic b-cells.
N
Caffeine increases resting metabolic rate and decreases body weight.
N
Caffeine might acutely decrease insulin resistance, whereas long-term
caffeine intake could exert beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity through
several mechanisms, including increasing resting metabolic rate, losing body
weight,
reducing
hepatic
glucose
production,
and
improving
chronic
inflammation.
Key Facts
1. Key Facts of Insulin
N
Insulin is a 51-amino acid peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by
pancreatic b-cells.
N
In the early 20th century, insulin was discovered by Dr. John Macleod, Dr.
Frederick Banting, and Charles Herbert Best. Dr. Macleod and Dr. Banting
received a Nobel prize.
N
Insulin
lowers
blood
glucose
levels
through
facilitation
of
glucose
absorption by the skeletal muscle cells, adipose tissue, and liver.
2. Key Facts of SHBG
N
Sex
hormone-binding
globulin
(SHBG)
is
a
circulating
glycoprotein
synthesized and secreted by liver hepatocytes.
N
SHBG has been thought to modulate the bioavailability of sex hormones via
binding sex hormones with high affinity and regulating their accessibility to
target cells.
N
It has been recently discovered that the plasma membranes of various cell
types are able to bind SHBG specifically and with high affinity, and SHBG
mediates sex hormones signaling at the cell membrane through the SHBG
receptors.
N
This recognition of the function of SHBG as a mediator of a novel steroid-
signaling system has drawn much interest to biologic effects of SHBG.
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