Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 20.3
(Continued)
Caffeine consumption
(mg)
Multivariable adjusted
RR (95% CI)
Adjustments
age, race, duration of follow-up, time of blood draw,
smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes,
alcohol, total calories, and BMI
#50
1.00 (Reference)
d
n
0
t
2
n
g
|
9
51-250
1.00 (0.56-1.82)
251-500
1.26 (0.68-2.32)
500
0.56 (0.27-1.15)
age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol,
education, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking,
fiber, saturated fat, total energy, menopausal status,
hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives use,
and BMI
Quartiles
48 ¡ 25
1.00 (Reference)
126 ¡ 21
0.84 (0.72, 0.96)
209 ¡ 28
0.77 (0.66, 0.89)
397 ¡ 150 (mean ¡ SD)
0.67 (0.58, 0.78)
age, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, education,
alcohol, total energy intake, fat intake and menopausal
status
Tertiles
1
st
tertile
1.00 (Reference)
2
nd
tertile
1.26 (0.88-1.82)
3
rd
tertile
0.95 (0.63-1.43)
age, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, education,
alcohol, total energy intake, and fat intake
Tertiles
Tertiles
1
st
tertile
1.00 (Reference)
2
nd
tertile
0.98 (0.60-1.10)
3
rd
tertile
0.95(0.69-1.30)
age, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, alcohol,
hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use,
family history of type 2 diabetes, history of hypertension,
history of hypercholesterolemia, consumption of sugar-
sweetened soft drinks and punch, processed meat
consumption, polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat intake
ratio, total energy intake, the glycemic index, and cereal
fiber intake
Quintiles
22
1.00 (Reference)
93
0.88 (0.75-1.05)
180
0.89 (0.75-1.05)
341
0.74 (0.62-0.89)
528 (median)
0.55 (0.45-0.67)
age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, smoking
status, alcohol intake, magnesium intake, hours of
walking and exercise
Quintiles
57
1.00 (Reference)
137
0.86 (0.56-1.32)
196
0.81 (0.54-1.22)
267
0.67 (0.43-1.05)
399 (median)
0.52 (0.32-0.84)
age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, smoking
status, alcohol intake, magnesium intake, hours of
walking and exercise
Quintiles
57
1.00 (Reference)
137
1.23 (0.77-1.95)
203
1.22 (0.77-1.91)
274
1.47 (0.94-2.31)
480 (median)
0.85 (0.51-1.42)
per-capita income, education, race, gender, physical
activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, age,
and type of diet.
#150
150-300
1.00 (Reference)
300-450
0.69 (0.42-1.11)
450-600
0.73 (0.38-1.41)
.600
0.65 (0.30-1.42)
age, total caloric intake, family history of diabetes, alcohol
consumption, smoking status, menopausal status and
postmenopausal hormone use, intakes of glycemic load,
trans fat, polyunsaturated fatty acid, cereal fiber, and
magnesium, BMI, and physical activity
Quintiles
69
1.00 (Reference)
193
0.98 (0.90-1.07)
328
0.86 (0.78-0.94)
432
0.81 (0.73-0.89)
708 (median)
0.70 (0.63-0.77)
age, total caloric intake, family history of diabetes,
alcohol consumption, smoking status, intakes of
glycemic load, trans fat, polyunsaturated fatty acid,
cereal fiber, and magnesium, BMI, and physical
activity
Quintiles
13
1.00 (Reference)
74
1.12 (0.94-1.33)
172
1.09 (0.92-1.29)
323
0.95 (0.80-1.13)
566 (median)
0.83 (0.69-0.99)
possible that caffeine may directly stimulate insulin secretion via the
antagonism of adenosine A1-receptors in the pancreatic b-cells. Several in-
vitro studies and studies in rodent have documented that caffeine is a stimulant
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