Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
and difficulty sleeping. Very high doses can result in tachycardia, vomiting,
and diuresis, but caffeine toxicity is rarely fatal. It is known that caffeine can
cause arrhythmias and changes in blood pressure in adults, but these effects
have not been studied in children.
N
Dose-dependent performance improvement in tests of attention was
reported in children receiving caffeine versus a placebo. However, studies
have not shown caffeine to be useful in moderating symptoms of ADHD.
Caffeine has also been shown to have deleterious effects on mood and
affect.
N
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends only moderate levels of
caffeine be consumed by breast-feeding women with the upper limit between
200-300 mg per day. In these amounts, caffeine via breast milk does not
appear to affect healthy infants.
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Definitions of Words and Terms
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics): A professional organization in the US,
representing pediatricians (physicians specializing in the health of children).
Aminophylline: A drug typically used as a bronchodilator (to open up narrowed
or obstructed bronchi and bronchioles, the tubes through which air passes from
the throat to the lungs). Aminophylline is a combination of theophylline and
ethylenediamine.
ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists): A professional
organization in the US, representing obstetricians (physicians specializing in
gestation and birth) and gynecologists (physicians specializing in the female
reproductive system).
ADHD (Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder): A mental health
diagnosis, most typically made in childhood, that denotes difficulties with
focusing and/or sustaining attention, and/or difficulties related to an unusually
high level of motor activity. It is critical to note that a diagnosis of ADHD may
denote problems with attention or problems with hyperactivity or both.
Anxiety: A psychological state characterized mainly by a subjective sense of
fear and/or worry about an unpleasant future event. Anxiety also has
physiological symptoms, such as muscle tension, increased heart rate, and/or
increased blood pressure.
Apnea: The stoppage of breathing. Typically the term apnea refers to
involuntary stoppage of breathing, as in sleep apnea, which occurs during
sleep, or apnea of prematurity, which occurs in premature infants with poor
muscle or nervous system development.
Arrhythmia: Any abnormal pattern of heartbeat, typically due to problems
with the electrical signals that regulate heartbeat.
Bradycardia: An abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as less than 60
beats per minute in an adult patient who is resting.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A type of lung injury most common among
premature infants. It is characterized by inflammation and swelling in the lungs.
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