The Effects of Caffeine on Ventilation and Pulmonary Function During Exercise - Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects - page 349

Definition of Words and Terms
Analeptic: A central nervous system stimulant which acts to increase

ventilation.
Bronchodilation: A widening of the diameter of the pulmonary airways.
Ergogenic aid: Outside influences on the body which help to enhance
performance. Ergogenic aids can be pharmacological, mechanical, psycholo-
gical, nutritional, or physiological in nature.
Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation: Technique where the subject mimics
exercise ventilation at rest, while breathing gas that has carbon dioxide added
(typically 5% CO 2 ). The added CO 2 allows the subject to hyperventilate at rest
without becoming light headed or passing out. This technique is used to create
a bronchoconstriction response in subjects known to exhibit EIB, without the
stress of actual exercise.
Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB): An abnormal response of airway
narrowing during exercise, due to both a constriction response of the airway,
as well as an airway inflammatory response, decreasing the diameter of the
bronchiole.
Exercise induced hypoxemia (EIH): A physiological condition hallmarked by
reduced arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation during heavy exercise at sea level
(or low altitudes). Is reported to occur in approximately 50% male endurance
athletes with high VO 2 max values, a majority of female endurance athletes,
and many masters (i.e. older) athletes.
Hypercapnic ventilatory response: A measurement of the change in ventilation
as the content of inspired carbon dioxide rises.
Hypoxic ventilatory response: A measurement of the change in ventilation as
the content of inspired oxygen falls.
Isocapnic: When arterial carbon dioxide levels are maintained at resting levels.
Metaboreflex: A physiological response of increased muscle sympathetic nerve
activation during heavy exercise (or heavy ventilatory work), which causes
vasoconstriction in the skeletal musculature, redirecting blood flow to the
diaphragm and accessory respiratory musculature.
Peripheral chemoreceptors: Specialized cells located in the carotid arteries in
the neck and the aorta which are sensitive to changes in the arterial content of
oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as pH. The peripheral chemoreceptors send
out a continuous neural signal to the respiratory musculature to control
ventilation.

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List of Abbreviations
EIB Exercise induced bronchoconstriction

EIH Exercise induced hypoxemia

FEV 1 Forced expiratory volume in one second. Commonly reported

in units of liters, or as a percent of the lungs' vital capacity.

IOC International Olympic Committee