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Figure 14.4
Schematic representation of the neuroprotective effects of caffeine.
Schematic representation of the protective-preventive effects of caffeine
intake on Ab production-aggregation and memory deficits in AD
transgenic mice when caffeine consumption is started during young
adulthood (life-long caffeine) or after development of AD pathology-
memory impairment. Reprinted from Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,
Vol.
20,
Suppl.
1,
S116-S126,
by
Arendash
G.W.
and
Cao
C.,
Copyright (2010), with permission from IOS Press.
in 30 years. The authors observed an inverse association between coffee (and
dietary caffeine intake) and the risk of PD concluding that caffeine protects
against the development of the disease by increasing the central dopaminergic
tone (Ross et al 2000). A similar lowered risk of PD in 47 000 men and 88 000
women in USA was later reported (Ascherio et al 2001). More recently, in a
Finnish study with 101 incident cases of PD during 22 years, it was confirmed
that daily consumption of coffee (10 or more cups) reduced the risk of PD but
it was also observed that this effect was influenced by other factors like serum
cholesterol, smoking and obesity (Saaksjarvi et al 2008). In this regard it is
worth mentioning that a decreased incidence of the risk to develop PD was
described in both fast and slow caffeine metabolizers, suggesting that
neuroprotection can also be attributed to its major metabolite paraxanthine
(Tan et al 2007). However also opposite results have been shown in a study
reporting failure to detect any association with reduced risk of PD in
consumers of coffee or of total caffeine (Checkoway et al 2002), in a study
involving women under hormone-replacement therapy versus men (Ascherio
et al 2003), and in a study reporting a non-consistent relationship between
caffeine intake and rate of progression of PD in 413 early PD subjects (Simon
et al 2008). Despite these contrasting results a recent meta-analysis study by
Costa and colleagues (2010) has confirmed a strong relationship between
caffeine intake and PD prevention with an overall 25% reduction of risk of
developing the disease.
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