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1. When post-disaster cost are neglected when locating evacuation centres, a
minimal number of centres are established with high levels of pre-positioned
inventory. Such a solution may still be optimal if the disaster damage is mild
(i.e., most evacuation centres can still operate and most of the inventory is
still usable).
2. When the damage after a disaster becomes more moderate (i.e., a signifi-
cant number of the evacuation centres cannot function), there is a trade-off
between pre-positioning and post-disaster costs. It is beneficial to establish
evacuation centres with relatively low costs of both.
3. When the damage after disaster is severe (i.e., a large number of evacuation
centres are not operational), it is helpful to establish more spare evacua-
tion centres with low post-disaster cost, which may not even need to carry
any pre-positioned inventory. These centres can supply new inventory post-
disaster at low cost.
7 Summary
This paper proposes a tri-level programming model for disaster preparedness
planning that allows for anticipation of the cost of recovery post-disaster at
the preparedness stage. We adopt an interdiction framework instead of using a
stochastic or chance-constrained formulation to represent the disaster damage;
our rationale being that generating the full profile of possible scenarios and their
corresponding probabilities may be quite di
cult. This approach also allows a
sensitivity trade-off analysis between the cost and the anticipated severity of
the disaster. We proposed a dual-ascent approach for solving this tri-level pro-
gramming model. Our preliminary results indicate that the solution approach is
ecient enough to be able to evaluate the many scenarios necessary for decision-
support for disaster preparedness. We also draw some managerial insights from
the computational instances.
Acknowledgment.
This research was initiated when the last author was a Visiting
Professor at Sophia University in 2013. The award of a Sophia Lecturing-Research grant
by the Science and Technology Exchange Committee (STEC) of Sophia University is
gratefully acknowledged.
References
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International Journal of Production Economics 126, 22-34 (2010)
3. Bozorgi-Amiri, A., Jabalameli, M.S., Alinaghian, M., Heydari, M.: A Modified Par-
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