Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
obtain a physiological correct simulation of ventricular filling, a subject-specific
representation of the left atrial and the pulmonary venous anatomy should be in-
cluded in the model.
7.7
Summary
In this chapter, CFD is used to address the issues in haemodynamic analysis and to
identify the parameters of interest for clinical evaluation. The information presented
in the chapter highlights the conceptual development of the computational haemo-
dynamics technique and performs proof-of-concept experiments.
Case studies were presented to demonstrate the modelling strategies to account
for the blood flow in the human cardiovascular system. For example, in the first
case study, modelling requirements such as the flow regime (laminar/turbulent,
steady/unsteady) for steady blood flow were shown. The first case study aimed to
set a good foundation for the modelling of blood flow.
The chapter demonstrated further applications of CFD for the cardiovascular
system, by introducing the carotid bifurcation geometry and its flow features. While
the case studies covered a variety of research topics in cardiovascular modelling,
there are many more topics that remain unexplored. The next chapter discusses
some of these more advanced topics that are at the forefront of cardiovascular
modelling and research. For example, some methods are proposed for integrating
advanced numerical techniques related to Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) and later
examined based on how this can be used for more realistic physiological arterial
wall movements. The future of blood flow modelling in the cardiovascular system
will continue to advance and sophisticated models will include more physiology
and anatomical features.
7.8
Review Questions
1. What are the main factors that contribute to the blood flow patterns in the athero-
sclerotic artery?
2. List the physiological functions within the artery and discuss its modelling
requirements and whether it is feasible to model.
3. What modelling considerations should be made when simulating oscillatory
pumping of blood in artery (10-15 ml/s)?
4. What should you expect from the results when applying a turbulent flow model
for: a) laminar flow b) transitional flow
5. What does a quasi-steady flow mean and when can you apply such an assumption?
6. When should Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow behaviour be assumed?
7. Where is the highest wall shear stresses found in the atherosclerotic artery? What
are some of the causes for this phenomenon?
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