Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 7.6  Haemodynamic properties at carotid bifurcation. Patients (1/L), (1/R), (2/L), (2/R) and
(3) are investigated based on the diameters of cross section D x and D y in the x - and y - directions,
maximum blood velocity (denoted as Max Velocity), and the minimum and maximum wall shear
stresses, which are denoted as Min WSS and Max WSS respectively. The radial location where
they occur is also presented
Haemodynamic properties at carotid bifurcation for 5 case arteries
Position
Items
(1/L)
(1/R)
(2/L)
(2/R)
(3)
CCA min
Area Section
Dimensions
(mm)
D x = 6.34;
D y = 6.61
D x = 6.31;
D y = 5.88
D x = 6.74;
D y = 7.08
D x = 7;
D y = 7.3
D x = 6.08;
D y = 5.91
Max veloc-
ity (m/s)
0.61
0.73
0.73
0.57
0.69
CCA Min
WSS (Pa)
0.6 at 5°
2.7 at 212°
0.30 at 20°
0.40 at
187°
0.4 at 292°
CCA Max
WSS (Pa)
11.9 at
193°
9 at 93°
15.2 at
140°
7 at 81°
11 at 64°
ICA min Area
Section
Dimensions
(mm)
D x = 4.41;
D y = 5.37
D x = 3.74;
D y = 4.09
D x = 2.71;
D y = 2.77
D x = 3.31;
D y = 3.91
D x = 4.27;
D y = 3.69
Max veloc-
ity (m/s)
0.91
0.96
1.49
0.944
0.70
CCA Min
WSS (Pa)
4 at 270°
3.9 at 212°
25.8 at
104°
4.2 at 229°
5 at 148°
CCA Max
WSS (Pa)
23 at 74°
20 at 109°
42.9 at
337°
24 at 38°
14 at 241°
ECA min
Area Section
Dimensions
(mm)
D x = 3.08;
D y = 2.08
D x = 1.51;
D y = 2.42
D x = 3.46;
D y = 3.27
D x = 1.90;
D y = 2.37
D x = 3.78;
D y = 4.13
Max veloc-
ity (m/s)
2.20
3.34
0.86
1.08
0.75
CCA Min
WSS (Pa)
76 at 70°
56.3 at 77°
8.0 at 77°
0.9 at 60°
2.7 at 105°
CCA Max
WSS (Pa)
138 at
260°
106 at
271°
21.5 at
159°
40 at 177°
11 at 207°
WSS = 76 Pa at 70° and Max WSS = 138 Pa at 260° despite having a lower Max
Velocity than patient (1/R). Model (1/R) also shows a relatively high maximum
WSS while model (2/R) experiences the lowest Max Velocity, Min and Max WSS
at the CCA section, at 0.57 ms −1 , 0.40 Pa and 7 Pa respectively. This can be related
to the relatively larger dimension of the vessel that has D x = 7 and D y = 7.3 mm.
The results produced WSS values that are similar to those by the bifurcation
models developed by Lee et al. (2007). However, they can reach a maximum of up
to 144 Pa, which is 7 times the typical range of values.
7.3.5
Closure
Different geometry and conditions of the left and right carotid arteries were in-
vestigated to evaluate the presence of stenosis. Flow patterns were highly depen-
 
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