Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 21.
Ontogenetic growth and transformation from sneaker to satellite/helper and to
male status in
Symphodus
spp,
Julidochromis, Telmatochromis,
and
Leptoscarus
(source as quoted
in Pandian, 2010, updated)
Sneaker ♂
Satellite ♂
Territory ♂
Symphodus ocellatus
Size (cm)
Body colour
Urinary papillae
3.5-6.0
Brown
White
6.1-8.0
Greenish
White
8.1-9.5
Red-Blue
White
S. tinca
Size (cm)
8.0-12.0
12.1-20.0
20.1-27.0
Colour
Dull
Dull
Bright
S. roissali
Size (cm)
4.5-8.0
8.1 -14.0
Colour
Dull
Bright
Julidochromis marlieri
Size (cm)
4.0-4.4*
4.8-6.7
Telmatochromis vittatus
Size (cm)
2.3-3.4
4.6-5.5
5.1-6.2
+
Leptoscarus vaigiensis
Size (cm)
6-8**
8 - 18***
Parablennius parvicornis
☺
Size (cm)
7.9-8.3
8.4-10.0
10.2-12.1
Salaria parva
☺☺
Size (cm)
4.5-7.3
4.9-7.3***
7.4-11.5
Head crest index (0-9)
0.10
0.14
0.35
Genital papillae (0-9)
1.14
1.70
1.41
*helper, + Pirate ♂ 6.4-6.7 cm, **IP, ***TP; ☺from Oliveira et al. (2001a); Note: Sneakers are
taken as satellites; there are also fl oaters measuring 10.1-12.0 cm size, ☺ from Goncalves et
al. (2008) ☺☺ from Miranda et al. (2003) *** transitionals
Katano (1983, 1992) describes cannibalistic male and 'female' satellites, who
intensely compete against a pair-spawning
Zucco temminscki
. Sub and helper
males are reported among cichlids. Kuwamura (1997) has recorded that a
haremic male cichlid holds in his harem a sub-adult helper belonging to
another species. With the exception of the bluegill sunfi sh and the like, all
these morphotypes namely helper, sub-male, sneaker, satellite and pirate
within the male sex represent only ontogenetic stages of the territorial male
(Table 21). But the sneakers and satellites precociously mature. Knapp (2004)
indicates the differential levels of reproductive hormones as the cause for
the appearance of different morphotypes. Oliveira (2006) lists some 16
species, in which the bourgeois, a common name for territorials and nest-
holders, have titre levels of both 11-KT and T higher than those of parasitic
(sneakers, satellites and fl oaters) males. In many social fi shes, subordinate
helpers assist breeders in progeny care. A subordinated helper male in a
