Cryptography Reference
In-Depth Information
4
STUDENTS USB
STUDENTS Phone
STUDENTS Online
NON STUDENTS USB
NON STUDENTS Phone
NON STUDENTS Online
ALL: USB
ALL: Phone
ALL: Online
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Register
Login
Second Login
Change
Password
Login with New
Password
During Tasks
Fig. 4. During Test Toughness Per Task
less tougher than Online. For Second Login and Change Password, Non-Students rated
Phone as only slightly tougher than USB.
5.2
Post Test Analysis
Figure 5 shows the average Likert Post Test ratings regarding Giving Control, Perceived
Ease, Perceived Necessity, and Perceived Security, for Students and Non-students (also
shown are the collective ratings for All users taken together). We discuss the observa-
tions made from these ratings as follows.
Within-Subjects Comparisons:
Giving Control: Looking at the Giving Control ratings (Figure 5(a)), we find that
Students order of preference is USB, followed by Phone and Online. Non-Students,
on the other hand, like the Phone the best, followed by USB and Online. Collectively
looking at All Users, USB is an overall winner, which seems slightly better than Phone,
which in turn is much better than Online. In general, users felt that USB and Phone
provide a better sense of control compared to Online. This is a surprising finding and is
perhaps due to the fact that managing the passwords locally on their own devices gave
users a sense of control and authority.
Based on paired t-tests, we found the following statistical differences. Students found
USB better than Phone ( p
=0
.
0049
) and USB better than Online ( p
=0
.
016
). Non-
Students preferred Phone over Online ( p
=0
.
0001
), and USB over Online ( p
=
0
.
0009
). Non-Students prefer USB over Online ( p
=0
.
001
) and Phone over Online
( p
=0
.
030
). All Users prefer USB over Online ( p<
0
.
0001
), and Phone over Online
( p =0 . 00024
).
Perceived Ease: Looking at the Perceived Ease ratings (Figure 5(b)), we find that Stu-
dents order of preference is USB, followed by Online and then Phone. Non-Students,
on the other hand, like the Phone the best, followed by Online and then USB. Collec-
tively looking at All Users, Phone is an overall winner, which is slightly better than
USB, which in turn is slightly better than Online. Here we can see a clear split across
 
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