Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 4
Functional Morphology
Jean E. Turnquist
*
and Nancy Minugh-Purvis
y
*
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical School, San Juan, Puerto Rico,
y
Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine and Office of Professional Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Chapter Outline
Introduction
88
Musculature of Forelimb
113
Morphological Definition of Primate Order
89
Musculature of Hindlimb
114
Sexual Dimorphism
89
Neurovascular Systems of Limbs
114
Growth and Development
89
Clinically Significant Features of Limb Morphology
114
Prenatal Development, Congenital Malformations, and
Molecular Basis of Primate Morphology
Thoracic Morphology
115
89
External Morphology and Position of Organs
115
Stages in the Postnatal Life Cycle
90
Skeleton
115
Dental and Skeletal Maturation
92
Musculature
116
Body Size and Integument
93
Diaphragm
116
Size and Sexual Dimorphism
93
Mediastinum, Autonomic Nerves, and Thymus
116
Skin
93
Cardiovascular System
117
Nails or Claws
94
Respiratory System
117
Head and Neck Morphology
94
Clinically Significant Features of Thoracic Morphology
117
Superficial Musculature
94
Abdominal and Pelvic Morphology
118
Ear
94
External Morphology and Position of Organs
118
Eye and Orbit
95
Peritoneal Cavity
118
Nose
96
Pelvis
118
Lips
96
Gastrointestinal System and Spleen
119
Dentition
96
Urinary System and Adrenal Glands
120
Oral Cavity
99
Female Genital System
120
Neck Viscera and Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
100
Male Genital System
120
Deeper Musculature
101
Neurovascular Systems
121
Skeleton
101
Clinically Significant Features of Abdominal and Pelvic
Morphology
Brain and Pineal and Pituitary Glands
102
121
Neurovascular Systems of Head and Neck
103
Perineal Morphology
121
Clinically Significant Features of Head and Neck
Morphology
Overview of Perineum
121
104
Female Perineum
122
Back and Spine Morphology
104
Male Perineum
122
Overview of Back and Tail
104
Clinically Significant Features of Perineal Morphology
122
Skeleton
106
Conclusions
123
Musculature
107
Acknowledgments
124
Spinal Cord
107
References
124
Clinically Significant Features of Back, Spine and Tail
Morphology
Selected Readings
128
107
Survey References
128
Limb Morphology
108
Human
128
Overview of Limbs
108
Nonhuman Primates
129
Skeleton of Forelimb
109
References of More Restricted Use to Clinicians
129
Skeleton of Hindlimb
110
Human
129
Joints of Forelimb
111
Nonhuman Primates
129
Joints of Hindlimb
112
