Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
adoption by AAALAC International as a Reference
Resource, is applied widely worldwide. The report
emphasizes the principles of containment (as described by
microbiological practices, safety equipment, facility/engi-
neered measures to protect worker safety, the environment,
and the public) and risk assessment (described as the body
of process that leads to selection of appropriate safety
practices, equipment, and facility design). The recom-
mendations contained in this report directly relate to the
care and use of nonhuman primates.
returned to the BIP prior to entry; and if entering the UK
they must go to a holding that is rabies approved and meets
the conditions of Council Directive 92/65/EEC. The local
institutional health and safety requirements relating to
human contact with nonhuman primates are generally
harmonized at a top level across the EU (
Wood and Smith,
1999
). Some EU countries have instituted further oversight
on third country breeding establishments outside the EU,
for example the UK (
Animal Procedures Committee, 2007
).
SPECIES CONSERVATION
Conservation
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species
The most frequently cited international law affecting
nonhuman primate conservation is the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) (
http://www.cites.org/
), a multinational
agreement that entered into force in 1975 to prevent species
from becoming endangered or extinct because of interna-
tional trade. Currently there are 175 “Parties” (usually
national governments) that have agreed to be bound by the
provisions of CITES. For Appendix I and II species, the
convention covers the animal, whether it is alive or dead,
and any recognizable part or derivative of the animal. All
import, export, re-export and introduction of the species
covered by the Convention has to be authorized through
a licensing system.
CITES utilizes appendices to list animal and plant
species that are vulnerable by virtue of their international
trade. Appendix I includes species threatened with extinc-
tion. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only
in exceptional circumstances; Appendix II includes species
not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which
trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization
incompatible with their survival; and Appendix III contains
species that are protected in at least one country, which
has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling
the trade. CITES categorizes nonhuman primates as either
Appendix I or Appendix II. Species listed in CITES
Appendix I require an import permit issued by the
Management Authority of the State of import. This may be
issued only if the specimen is not to be used for primarily
commercial purposes and if the import will be for purposes
that are not detrimental to the survival of the species. In the
case of a live animal or plant, the Scientific Authority must
be satisfied that the proposed recipient is suitably equipped
to house and care for it. An export permit or re-export
certificate issued by the Management Authority of the State
of export or re-export is also required. An export permit
may be issued only if the specimen was legally obtained;
the trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the
European Union
There are different conditions for commercial trade in
primates depending on whether it is intra EU trade or
imports from outside the EU. For intra EU trade nonhuman
primates can only be traded if the conditions set in Chapter
II of Council Directive 92/65/EEC of 13 July 1992 laying
down animal health requirements governing trade in and
imports into the Community of animals, semen, ova and
embryos not subject to animal health requirements laid
down in specific Community rules referred to in Annex A (I)
to Directive 90/425/EEC (Council Directive 92/65/EEC)
(
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?val
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) are met: the
premises they are going to is approved under Article 13 of
Council Directive 92/65/EEC, they come from holdings that
are approved by the competent authority in the country of
origin, they show no sign of disease and come from hold-
ings or areas which are not subject to any ban on health
grounds, they are accompanied by a veterinary certificate
corresponding to the specimen in Part 1 of Annex E to
Council Directive 92/65/EEC, completed by the approved
veterinarian of the body, institute or center of origin.
Conditions for imports from Non EU countries are that
nonhuman primates can only be imported if the conditions
set in Chapter III of Council Directive 92/65/EEC are met:
the premises the animals are going to must be approved
under Article 13 of Council Directive 92/65 EEC, primates
may have to be accompanied by a Convention on Interna-
tional Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) export certif-
icate from the country of origin; they may have to have
CITES import certificate from the country of destination,
they must be accompanied by a veterinary certificate cor-
responding to the specimen in Part 1 of Annex E of Council
Directive 92/65 EEC completed by the approved veteri-
narian of the body, institute or center of origin; 24 hours
prior to export from country of origin they must have been
clinically examined by a veterinarian authorized by the
competent authority in the country of origin; they must
enter via a Border Inspection Post that handles live animals;
the importer must ensure that a Common Veterinary Entry
Document (CVED) is raised and part I is completed and
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