Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
narrow safety range and toxicity can occur, for instance if
accidental intravascular injection occurs. A long duration
of action of local anesthetic agent is usually desirable and
a large amount of evidence from in vivo animal studies
suggests that the newer, long-acting amide local anes-
thetics, e.g. ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, have
a potentially greater margin of safety than racemic bupi-
vacaine (
Groban, 2003
) and may therefore be a better
choice. Less extensive procedures may require only
administration of a potent NSAID. Following an initial
dose at the time of surgery an additional dose of an NSAID
can be given per os 12
e
24 hours later (depending on the
agent and condition of the animal). In most circumstances,
provision of analgesia for 24
e
48 hours appears sufficient.
Where agent formulation and the condition of the animal
are suitable, postoperative treatment can be given orally in
order to avoid the discomfort and stress of repeated injec-
tions. In the authors' experience the oral formulation of
meloxicam is particularly useful for nonhuman primates
and can be injected into fruit or mixed with fruit smoothies
or small amounts of honey.
There is little detailed information regarding the clinical
efficacy of many of these analgesics in nonhuman primates,
but the agents have been shown to be safe and effective in
laboratory studies. Experiences in the authors' laboratories
have shown that use of NSAIDs in this way has no clini-
cally detectable effect on wound healing or on cranial
implant stability.
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