Anesthesia and Analgesia in Nonhuman Primates - Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research - page 395

Chapter 17

Anesthesia and Analgesia
in Nonhuman Primates

Kathy L. Murphy * , y , Mark G. Baxter y and Paul A. Flecknell z
* Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, y Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY,
z Comparative Biology Centre, The Medical School, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Chapter Outline

Introduction 403 Intraoperative Monitoring 424

Overview 403 Respiratory Function 424

Is Anesthesia Necessary? 404 Cardiovascular Function 425

Overall Aim of General Anesthesia 404 Assessing Anesthetic Depth 426

Preanesthetic Considerations 404 Intraoperative Support 426

Health and Safety 404 Oxygenation 426

Clinical Evaluation and Preparation 405 Ventilation 426

Preanesthetic Drugs 405 Fluid Administration 427

Sedatives 405 Body Temperature 427

Adjunct Drugs 405 Dealing with Emergencies 427

Selecting an Anesthetic Regime 406 Respiratory Depression and Respiratory Arrest 428

Immobilization/Deep Sedation/Light Anesthesia 406 Hypotension, Hemorrhage, and Cardiac Arrest 428

Ketamine 406 Special Considerations 428

Ketamine Combinations 409 Imaging 428

Alternatives to Ketamine 409 Neurosurgery 429

Monitoring During the Immobilization Period 410 Obstetric Anesthesia 430

Deep (Surgical) or Prolonged General Anesthesia 410 Pediatric Anesthesia 430

Injectable Anesthetics 411 Postanesthetic Care 430

Volatile Liquid and Gas Anesthetics 415 Extubation 430

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents 420 Recovery Environment 431

Suggested Anesthetic Protocols 421

Monitoring 431

Anesthetic Management and Monitoring 422

Feeding 431

Management Before the Procedure Begins 422 Reintroduction to Social Housing 432

Intravenous Cannula Placement 422 Analgesia 432

Endotracheal Intubation 423 Pain Assessment 432

Ocular Protection 423 Analgesic Techniques 432

Positioning 423 References 433

INTRODUCTION
Overview
For a variety of reasons it is not possible to be sure of the
number of nonhuman primates (NHPs) that are used each
year in biomedical research; however, in 2004, a survey

estimated that it was somewhere between 100 000 and
200 000 worldwide ( Carlsson et al., 2004 ). The species
used range from New World primates such as marmosets,
tamarins, capuchins, and squirrel monkeys to Old World
primates such as macaques and baboons to hominoids
such as chimpanzees. Nonhuman primates are used in an