Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Jerome, 1987
). A skin incision is made from the cranio-
dorsal iliac prominence to a point 8 cm caudal along the
crest. The underlying musculature is then incised down to
the fascia and periosteum, which is incised and reflected.
Next, two parallel biopsy cuts are made with an oscillating
saw. The cuts are 1 cm deep, 1 cm apart, and the cranial cut
1
following are some basic guidelines to consider when
administering topical therapy to nonhuman primates. As
much of the hair coat as possible should be removed when
treating skin diseases. Topical medications including oint-
ments, gels, and sprays are best used sparingly. Nonhuman
primates tend to groom off topical products and may vomit
after ingestion. When treating skin wounds, cleaning the
area by irrigation of the wound is critical. The ideal lavage
solution would be antiseptic and nontoxic to the tissue.
Sterile isotonic saline is often the solution utilized although
it is not antiseptic, it is less toxic to the tissue (
Aiello, 1998
).
1.5 cm caudal to the iliac prominence. The bone sample
is readily removed with a bone chisel. The incision is then
closed by suturing the periosteal and fascial layers followed
by the muscular and subcutaneous layers and finally the
skin. This technique provides a quality specimen of cortical
and cancellous bone for analysis. Another method using an
8-mm internal diameter Michele bone trephine (V. Mueller
Co., Chicago, IL) has been described (
Klein et al., 1991
)to
obtain transilial core biopsies from baboons. They choose
a site 3
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Intradermal Injection
Intradermal injection provides a local and very little
systemic effect. It is commonly used for tuberculin skin
testing but can also be used for allergy testing and local
anesthetics. To give an intradermal injection, a 25-gauge or
smaller needle is inserted just under the epidermis at an
angle of approximately 10
.
Testing nonhuman primates for the presence of tuber-
culosis is by skin test using an intradermal injection
(
Bushmitz et al., 2009
). The injection is most commonly
performed in the skin of an eyelid close to the margin
(
Figure 13.12
). This site is preferred because it is very easy
to see in an awake, nonrestrained monkey. When testing
marmosets and tamarins or when performing a retest, the
carefully shaved skin of the abdomen is the recommended
site. The advantage of abdominal skin is that any induration
can be measured and a saline control injection can be
performed as well.
5 mm ventral and cranial to the craniodorsal aspect
of the iliac crest based on the presence of adequate
trabecular bone and parallel cortical surfaces for histo-
morphometric analysis.
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin Scraping
The use of skin scrapings are usually performed for the
diagnosis of ectoparasite infestations (
Scott et al., 2001
).
There are two types of skin scrapings, superficial and deep,
which are used depending on which parasite is suspected.
Superficial scrapings provide information about the surface
of the epidermis. A deep scraping must penetrate the skin
deep enough so as to cause some bleeding. It has been
shown that this is necessary to recover mite species that
burrow into the epidermis. Mineral oil is placed on a glass
slide and a scalpel blade is dipped in the mineral oil and
scraped across the skin at the site of a typical lesion. The
tissue collected is then mixed with the mineral oil on the
slide until evenly distributed. It is usually coverslipped
before being examined with a microscope.
Subcutaneous Injection
Subcutaneous injection is used when slow, constant uptake
of drug is needed. It is useful for injection of insulin and
Skin Biopsy
Skin biopsies are common clinical diagnostic procedures. It
is very important to include both normal and clinically
affected areas in a biopsy specimen. Punch biopsies are
simple to perform and can be done under local anesthesia,
although sedation may be necessary for restraint. A variety
of skin biopsy punches are available, typically in diameters
of 4
8 mm. A stitch, staple, or tissue adhesive may be used
to close the small lesion.
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Topical Therapy
Topical therapy is an important part of veterinary derma-
tology included in treating nonhuman primates. The
FIGURE 13.12
Intradermal injection for TB testing.
