Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
approach is warranted. Furthermore, although there may be
local governance of breeding and transporting nonhuman
primates, AAALAC accreditation is useful for assessing
the animal care and welfare standards. The level of both
responsibility and program input by the veterinary staff is
another important factor. Attention to the response of
management to the veterinary staff's input may reflect on
the program's overall quality. The relationship among all
working toward a goal can be strengthened by the presence
of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
(IACUC) or a similar body.
Acquisition of research nonhuman primates by impor-
tation also relies on safe and humane transport. Trans-
portation challenges may include maintaining the
biosecurity of the animals; safety of animals and human
contacts; impact of public perception of research
nonhuman primates as cargo; meeting the vital husbandry
needs of the species during transit, and compliance with
numerous regulatory agencies (
Elmore, 2008
). Over the
past 20 years, numerous air carriers transiting through
Europe have abandoned nonhuman primate cargo, in part
due to animal rights campaigns as well as public perception
of risk following disease outbreaks that publicized a link to
nonhuman primates. Consider as examples the popular
press handling of issues related to Ebola/Reston, severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and simian acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS). In the past, diffi-
culties arranging importation of nonhuman primate cargo
through Europe led to chartered aircraft importation of
nonhuman primates, but that imposed a significant business
expense on the importation process. It should be noted that
these difficulties in air transportation have not occurred
with imports from China using Chinese air carriers.
Imported nonhuman primates must undergo govern-
ment-regulated quarantine upon arrival in the USA. Import
quarantine is a period when the animals are not available
for research use. Quarantine protocols incur additional
expenses to comply with regulatory guidelines. During an
imposed import quarantine period, animals are segregated
in dedicated animal rooms with restricted access. There are
elevated requirements for personal protective equipment
(PPE) and for disposition of potentially contaminated
crates, equipment, and waste from quarantine rooms.
Further costs associated with routine disease surveillance
as well as specified testing may be imposed in response to
any disease outbreak or mortality during quarantine.
Failure or delays in completing the quarantine period on
schedule may have research, occupational health, and
added financial consequences.
Recent trends in utilization of nonhuman primates for
research within the USA indicate that foreign breeding
operations will continue to be a valued source of animals to
meet the demands of the biomedical community. This is
especially true for Macaca fascicularis, the cynomolgus
macaques. Investigators and colony managers should
understand some of the unique issues surrounding acqui-
sition of research nonhuman primates from foreign sources.
Suppliers, importers, and end users of these animals should
continually work to improve processes to meet expecta-
tions of quality and supply.
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