Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a
TABLE 8.13
Clinical Chemistry Reference Values for
M. mulatta
Parameter
GD 45
(Range)
GD 90
(Range)
GD 135
(Range)
GD 165
(Range)
Cl (mM/l)
107.8
2.1
(104e111)
108.8
2.2
(106e114)
109.8
1.7
(107e112)
111.3
1.7
(109e116)
TCO
2
(mM/l)
23.6
5.0
(16e37)
25.0
4.0
(19e36)
21.6
2.3
(17e25)
22.7
2.5
(18e26
K (mM/l)
4.6
0.5
(4.0e5.8)
4.8
0.3
(4.1e5.3)
4.8
0.4
(4.3e5.6)
4.0
0.3
(3.6e4.7)
Na (mM/l)
144.1
1.7
(142e149)
143.5
1.9
(140e146)
144.2
1.8
(141e148)
147.0
2.7
(142e153)
AG (mM/l)
17.3
4.5
(7e26)
14.5
4.2
(4e21)
17.8
3.7
(12e26)
17.1
2.8
(13e22)
Alb (g/dl)
3.9
0.4
(3.1e4.8)
3.4
0.5
(2.9e4.6)
3.2
0.3
(2.6e3.5)
2.6
0.3
(2.1e3.1)
BUN (mg/dl)
13.2
1.6
(11e16)
12.1
1.8
(9e15)
12.0
1.7
(8e14)
23.5
2.9
(20e29)
Glucose (mg/dl)
50.4
5.7
(44e64)
47.2
8.5
(38e70)
52.4
11.6
(22e67)
58.7
23.4
(39e95)
TP (g/dl)
7.4
0.6
(6.7e8.8)
6.9
0.5
(6.0e7.8)
7.0
0.3
(6.5e7.5)
5.9
1.1
(2.7e7.1)
ALT(U/l)
32.5
13.3
(17e69)
34.5
12.3
(15e58)
30.7
16.9
(12e66)
30.8
17.6
(11e74)
ALP(U/l)
111.2
43.1
(26e196)
96.5
53.2
(18e232)
135.1
62.1
(35e268)
138.4
68.6
(40e281)
Ca (mg/dl)
9.8
0.5
(9.1e10.6)
9.4
0.3
(8.8e9.9)
9.3
0.3
(8.7e9.9)
9.3
0.4
(8.7e9.8)
Cr (mg/dl)
0.9
0.1
(0.7e1.1)
0.8
0.1
(0.7e0.9)
0.8
0.1
(0.6e1.1)
0.9
0.1
(0.7e1.1)
P (mg/dl)
3.9
0.5
(3.4e4.8)
3.8
0.7
(2.9e5.3)
4.0
0.5
(3.5e5.6)
3.8
0.6
(2.6e4.6)
gGT (U/l)
41.2
7.0
(31e58)
50.9
13.0
(30e71)
49.7
18.6
(25e104)
39.2
8.8
(25e53)
Note:
C1, chloride; TCO
2
, total carbon dioxide; K, potassium; Na, sodium; AG, anion gap; Alb, albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TP, total protein; ALT,
alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Ca, calcium; Cr, creatinine; P, phosphorus;
g
GT,
g
-glutamyltransferase.
a
Gestational days (GD) 45e165 (n
ΒΌ
13; mean
SD).
From
Hendrickx and Dukelow (1995)
.
monkey, long-tailed, rhesus, and bonnet macaques, and
baboons) indicate embryonic mortality rates of 2.4
e
18.2%
during organogenesis (
Hendrickx and Binkerd, 1980
).
Jaquish et al. (1996)
reported on patterns of prenatal
survival and loss in the marmoset, based upon repeated
ultrasound examinations. In that study of 50 pregnancies,
rates of prenatal loss
e
both total pregnancy loss and litter
size reduction
e
were high relative to rates for other
nonhuman primates, a fact possibly related to production of
litters. Of the 50 pregnancies, 22% spontaneously aborted,
with 7 of the 11 aborted pregnancies occurring after
completion of organogenesis and in three cases, with
evidence of placental abruption (as a hypoechoic area
between the uterine wall and the placenta). In addition, five
pregnancies that resulted in singleton births started with
two or three embryos identified at the first ultrasound.
Similarly, high rates of loss were also reported by
Heger
et al. (1988)
in a study tracking excreted steroid concen-
trations in a large population of breeding females. In that
case, 28% of females aborted prior to day 40, with an
additional 11.5% of pregnancies lost in days 50
e
70 and
4.4% lost thereafter.
Reported figures for the incidence of stillbirths among
11 species of indoor-housed nonhuman primate colonies,
including the green monkey, mangabey, baboon, langur,
and five species of macaques, ranged from 5.9 to 20%
(
Hendrickx and Binkerd, 1980
). These rates are markedly
higher than the 2.7% figure reported for free-ranging rhesus
monkeys (
Koford, 1965
), and the increase may be attrib-
utable to the artificial housing conditions or to increased
likelihood of discerning stillbirths in indoor-housed colo-
nies. In one large breeding population of common
marmosets housed at the Southwest National Primate
Research Center, the stillbirth rate was 16.6% (S. Tardif,
unpublished observation).
The primary factors that have been implicated in
prenatal mortality in nonhuman primates are adverse
maternal factors (diet, health, infections, and stress) and
various uterine conditions that compromise fetal viability
(
Small, 1982
). Studies carried out in rhesus monkeys
indicate that normal prenatal growth is maintained on
a protein-deficient diet due to the ability of the gravid
nonhuman primate uterus to adapt to such nutritional
restrictions (
Riopelle, 1985
). However, severe protein
