Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
decidua, particularly near the lower uterine segment
(
Tarantal and Hendrickx, 1988d
). Continued surveillance
within the colony for repeat incidence has resulted in the
removal of females at risk and a resultant decrease in
abruptions.
The use of a modified biophysical profile (BPP) as
performed in the human fetus has been incorporated
with a variety of observations related to fetal activity in
utero. Similar to the human, the nonhuman primate
fetus is very active in utero, particularly during the
early fetal period (GD 50
e
70) (
Tarantal and Hendrickx,
1988d
). By GD 80
e
100, vigorous whole-body move-
ments are less frequently observed, and more selective
activities such as darting eye movements, oral activities,
and extension and flexion of the limbs and head may be
noted. The BPP has proven useful for evaluating fetal
status and well-being during the third trimester in
unanesthetized dams (chair restrained; A. F. Tarantal
and M. S. Golub, unpublished observations), primarily
for experimental purposes. An observation period of
20 minutes on GD 115, 125, 135, and 145 includes
documentation of changes in fetal heart rate and quan-
titation of respiratory and motor activity, muscle tone,
and whole-body startle reflex.
A comprehensive overview of the many studies and
methods for analyzing growth of the nonhuman primate
fetus, including body and organ weights and dimensional
and proportional growth, has been provided by
Brizzee and
Dunlap (1986)
and will not be repeated herein.
Jaquish et al. (1995)
provided growth curves for
crown
e
rump length and biparietal diameter in marmosets
from around day 30 to term (
Figures 8.4, 8.5
).
Tardif et al.
(1998)
demonstrated that these curves could be used to
reliably predict delivery dates to within
FIGURE 8.5
Ultrasound measurements of crown
e
rump length
(CRL) and bipariental diameter (BPD) in common marmosets
(Callithrix jacchus). (a) Comparison of fitted curve for ultrasound
measured crown
e
rump length (CRL) to published CRL measures for the
common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)(
Chambers and Hearn, 1985
). The
ultrasound measures agreed with those from gross specimens until
approximately day 70 of gestation; (b) Comparison of fitted curve for
ultrasound measured biparietal diameter (BPD) to published BPD
measures (
Chambers and Hearn, 1985
). The ultrasound measures are in
close agreement with those taken from gross specimens. (From
Jaquish
et al., 1995
, American Journal of Primatology, 36:259
e
275.)
5 days.
Crown
e
rump length measures taken between GD 50 and
80 (at 3- to 14-mm) provided the most reliable estimator of
delivery date.
Maternal Changes with Pregnancy
In nonpregnant S. sciureus, daily water consumption ranges
from 20 to 160 ml (mean, 110 ml) and increases to 346 ml
per day during the fifth month of pregnancy. A significant
decrease to nonpregnant levels has been noted 2
e
16 days
prior to delivery (
Clewe, 1969
).
Travis and Holmes (1974)
reported a linear increase in water consumption from the
day of conception through GD 138, with a correlative
significant increase in mean daily urine output. Evaluation
of four species of nonhuman primates (M. mulatta,
M. speciosa, E. patas, and P. troglodytes) showed that
significant upper ureteral dilatation occurs during preg-
nancy, similar to findings in humans (
Roberts and Wolf,
1971
).
FIGURE 8.4
Method of measuring crown
e
rump length (CRL) in the
common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). There are two embryos
measured in this image. 1 (designated by
þ
) and 2 (designated by x) (day
67 gestation). Embryo 1 measures 3.7 mm and embryo 2, 3.6 mm. UW,
uterine wall. Arrowheads on the left margin
¼
1 cm. (From
Jaquish et al.,
1995
, American Journal of Primatology, 36:259
e
275.)
