Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 8
Reproduction and Breeding of Nonhuman
Primates
Suzette Tardif
*
, Angela Carville
y
, David Elmore
z
, Lawrence E. Williams
x
and Karen Rice
jj
*
Barshop Institute of Longevity & Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX,
y
New England Primate Research Center,
Southborough, MA,
z
Charles Rivers Laboratories, San Diego, CA,
x
Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research,
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX,
jj
Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX
Chapter Outline
Basic Reproductive Biology
197
Viral Screening Tests
213
Overview of Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Function
197
Formation of Specific Pathogen-free Colonies
213
Puberty
198
Baboons
215
Female
200
Squirrel Monkeys
216
Ovarian Cycles
200
Owl Monkeys
217
Pregnancy
202
Marmosets
217
Lactation
202
Pregnancy Management
218
Reproductive Senescence
203
Detection of Ovarian Cycle Phase
218
Male
203
Detection and Monitoring of Pregnancy
221
Spermatogenesis
203
Prenatal Growth and Development
224
Sperm Maturation
204
Maternal Changes with Pregnancy
227
Epididymal and Seminal Fluids
206
Prenatal Mortality
228
Copulation and Ejaculation
207
Nonhuman Primates from Foreign Breeding Programs
233
Environmental Effects
207
Introduction
233
Housing, Husbandry, and Population Management
for Breeding
Historical Perspective
233
208
Current Considerations
234
Macaques
208
Challenges to Foreign Breeding
236
Specific Pathogen-free Macaques
211
References
237
Target Viruses for SPF Macaque Colonies
212
Zeleznik and Pohl, 2006
). Stimulatory inputs to the GnRH
pulse generator in nonhuman primates include kisspeptin
(Kp), norepinephrine, glutamate, neuropeptide Y (NPY),
and nitric oxide; inhibitory inputs include endogenous
opiates,
g
-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH) (
Terasawa, 2001; Zeleznik and
Pohl, 2006; Plant et al., 2009
).
GnRH binds to gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary to
stimulate synthesis and secretion of two glycoprotein
hormones. In Old World monkeys and apes, those two
gonadotropins (GTH) are luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In most New World
monkeys that have been extensively studied (common
BASIC REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
Overview of Hypothalamic-pituitary-
gonadal Function
In both sexes, reproductive function in nonhuman primates
is ultimately regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH). GnRH is synthesized in the medial basal hypo-
thalamus and released into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal
portal blood vessels in a pulsatile manner. Mechanisms
responsible for generation of GnRH pulses are poorly
understood but appear to involve endogenous oscillations
within the GnRH neurons themselves (
Terasawa, 2001;
