Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(NYU), began to serve the metropolitan New York City
needs for a nonhuman primate center in 1965 (
Anonymous,
1988
). Jan Moor-Jankowski, a physician and immunolo-
gist, came to New York from Poland earlier to work with
Alexander Wiener. Wiener, a New York hematologist and
a co-worker of Landsteiner's, had earlier described the Rh
factor in experiments using rhesus monkeys (
Landsteiner
and Wiener, 1940
). Wiener and Moor-Jankowski cooper-
ated with other New York area investigators by making
research work with nonhuman primates possible. By 1966,
LEMSIP was under the direction of Moor-Jankowski and
23 local investigators were using its resources. At one point
in its history, some 300 chimpanzees and 300 monkeys
were housed in LEMSIP's nearby suburban facility located
in Sterling Forest, New York. They were used in studies of
hepatitis, AIDS, reproduction, and blood transfusion.
LEMSIP was closed by NYU in 1997 and its chimpanzees,
many of whom were government owned, were moved
elsewhere or placed in sanctuaries.
a major nonhuman primate research resource which
probably became most widely known for its contributions
to advance knowledge about the housing, maintaining,
and breeding of chimpanzees. The division and
Dr Keeling were probably among the most influential and
significant participants in the NIH's National Chim-
panzee and Breeding and Research Program and later
went on to play a similarly successful role in the
production of B virus, SIV, simian retrovirus (SRV), and
simian T cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) specific path-
ogen free rhesus monkeys in the NIH-supported rhesus
monkey breeding and research program. In recognition of
its importance not just as a research animal resource but
as a growing full spectrum research and training activity,
the division was renamed a center in Dr Keeling's honor
in 2004 upon his death. The center has continued to grow
under the present director, Dr Chris Abee, who brought
with him from his previous position at the University of
South Alabama breeding and research colonies of owl
and squirrel monkeys that were among the world's
largest. The center's amount of sponsored research,
which totaled more than $40 million in 2008, showed
that it also had attained the status of a major primate
research center.
Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative
Medicine and Research
In 1975, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center established the Veterinary Science Division at the
Science Park in Bastrop, Texas. Michale E. Keeling,
a veterinarian who began his career in nonhuman primate
medicine at the Yerkes NPRC as a primate clinician, was
named the division's director (
Figure 1.6
). The center
evolved over the next 25 years under his leadership into
Caribbean Primate Research Center
The establishment of the Caribbean Primate Research
Center (CPRC) in Puerto Rico in 1970 represents a
continuation of the Cayo Santiago story.
Goodwin (1989)
and
Frontera (1989)
have provided extensive background
on this subject. In 1970, the NINCDS decided to dis-
continue the Laboratory for Perinatal Physiology and its
facilities, including animals, reverted to the University of
Puerto Rico. Negotiations with the university at this time
probably convinced NINCDS, and possibly other NIH
institutes, of the merit of maintaining these nonhuman
primate resources. An initial contract for $300 000 was
awarded to provide core support for a new center and
responsibility for administering it was transferred to the
NIH's DRR in 1972. The CPRC, now with the inclusion of
Cayo Santiago, continued to grow in importance both as
a breeding and research resource and NCRR continued to
provide support through contract and grant awards.
Breeding was enhanced with the development of addi-
tional island breeding capabilities at the center's Sabana
Seca field station. This occurred initially to help meet the
FDA's need for monkeys to test polio vaccine in the 1970s
but evolved later to meet broader research needs. Because
of the relatively unique climatic and other advantages it
offers for breeding, the CPRC was one of several sites
chosen later by the NIH/NCRR to produce specific path-
ogen free (SPF) macaques, primarily for use in HIV/AIDS
research.
FIGURE 1.6
Dr Michale Keeling, who was one of the first veteri-
narians in the 1960s to gain recognition as a nonhuman primate
clinician at the Yerkes NPRC. Later Dr Keeling became the first director
of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center's Veterinary
Sciences Division at Bastrop, Texas, which was later named in his honor.
He was most widely known for advancing knowledge about housing,
maintaining, and breeding nonhuman primates, particularly chimpanzees.
(Photo courtesy of the Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative
Medicine and Research, Bastrop, TX.)
