Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
management units at primate facilities in the USA were
rare; today they are ubiquitous (
Baker et al., 2007
). Many
facilities in the USA, Europe, and elsewhere currently
housing NHPs, devote substantial resources to enrichment,
socialization, and training techniques that provide the
animals with opportunities to perform species-typical
behaviors.
Primates will continue to play a key role in many types
of hypothesis-driven and applied research projects. To
provide the most reliable and valid data from these animals,
NHPs living in research facilities must be provided with the
best living conditions possible within the framework of the
research endeavor. Behavioral management programs are
an important component of addressing this critical need.
Providing enrichment and other behavioral manage-
ment techniques is a dynamic process that must be
continuously evaluated and refined. There has been
a dramatic increase in the number of rigorous scientific
papers addressing various aspects of behavioral manage-
ment of captive primates since the Animal Welfare regu-
lations were promulgated. This information should be
incorporated into enrichment programs to the greatest
extent possible. Empirically based and carefully evaluated
behavioral management strategies may significantly refine
the scientific endeavor. Nonhuman primates whose
psychological well-being and welfare have been enhanced
by an effective behavioral management program represent
a superior, better-defined NHP model for participation in
research.
society/resolutions/EthicalTreatmentOfNonHumanPrimates.cfm
>
Accessed 04.20.2011.
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). (2011). Animal
Welfare.
<
http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/default.asp
>
Accessed 04.20.2011.
Andrews, G., & Iliff, S. A. (2005). The use of olfactory stimulation as
a means of environmental enhancement. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim.
Sci., 44, 98.
Arce, M., Michopoulos, V., Shepard, K. N., Ha, Q.-C., & Wilson, M. E.
(2010). Diet choice, cortisol reactivity, and emotional feeding in
socially housed rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav., 101, 446
e
455.
Baer, J. F. (1998). A veterinary perspective of potential risk factors in
environmental enrichment. In D. J. Shepherdson, J. D. Mellen &
M. Hutchins (Eds.), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for
Captive Animals (pp. 277
e
301). Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
Baker, K. (2004). Benefits of positive human interaction for socially
housed chimpanzees. Anim. Welfare, 13, 239
e
245.
Baker, K. C. (1997). Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal
behaviors in adult chimpanzees. Zoo Biol., 16, 225
e
236.
Baker, K. C., & Springer, D. A. (2006). Frequency of feeding enrichment
and response of laboratory nonhuman primates to unfamiliar people.
J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., 45,69
e
73.
Baker, K. C., Weed, J. L., Crockett, C. M., & Bloomsmith, M. A. (2007).
Survey of environmental enhancement programs for
laboratory
394.
Baker, K. C., Bloomsmith,M., Neu, K., Griffis, C., Oettinger, B., Schoof, V.,
et al. (2008). Benefits of isosexual pairing of rhesus macaques (Macaca
mulatta) vary with sex and are limited by protected contact but not by
frequent separation. Am. J. Primatol., 70, 44.
Baker, K. C., Bloomsmith, M., Neu, K., Griffis, C., Maloney, M.,
Oettinger, B., et al. (2009). Positive reinforcement training moderates
only high levels of abnormal behavior in singly housed rhesus
macaques. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci., 12, 236
e
252.
Barbelivien, A., Herbeaux, K., Oberling, P., Kelche, C., Galani, R., &
Majchrzak, M. (2006). Environmental enrichment increases
responding to contextual cues but decreases overall conditioned fear
in the rat. Behav. Brain Res., 169, 231
e
238.
Bartolomucci, A., Palanza, P., Sacerdote, P., Panerai, A. E., Sgoifo, A.,
Dantzer, R., et al. (2005). Social factors and individual vulnerability
to chronic stress exposure. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 29,67
e
81.
Bassett, L., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., McKinley, J., & Smith, T. E. (2003).
Effects of training on stress-related behavior of the common
marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to coping with routine
husbandry procedures. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci., 6, 221
e
233.
Bayne, K. (1991). The reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually
housed rhesus monkeys with a foraging/grooming board. Am. J.
Primatol., 23,23
primates. Am. J. Primatol., 69, 377
e
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Support is acknowledged from the Oregon National Primate Research
Center, RR 00163 (KC), the Yerkes National Primate Research
Center, RR-00165 (MAB), and the Washington National Primate
Research Center, RR-00166 (CMC). J.L.W. is supported by the
Intramural Research Program of the NIH Division of Veterinary
Resources. The views and opinions provided by J.L.W. do not reflect
the official policy or positions of the NIH, Department of Health and
Human Services, or United States Government.
REFERENCES
Ablard, K. M., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2008). Naturalizing the captive
environment of slender lorises (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus) via
olfactory enrichment. Primate Eye, 96, 281.
American Association of Lab. Anim. Sci. (AALAS). (2007). Position
statement on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
<
http://www.aalas.org/pdf/humane_care_and_use_of_laboratory_
animals.pdf
>
Accessed 04.20.2011.
American College of Animal Welfare (ACAW). (2010). ACAW Definition
of Animal Welfare.
<
http://www.acaw.org/animal_welfare_principles
.html
35.
Bayne, K. (2005). Potential for unintended consequences of environ-
mental enrichment for laboratory animals and research results. ILAR
J., 46, 129
e
139.
Bayne, K., & deGreeve, P. (2003). An overview of global legislation, regu-
lation, and policies on the use of animals for scientific research, testing,
or education. In J. Hau & G. L. van HoosierJr. (Eds.), Handbook of Lab.
Anim. Sci., Vol. 1 (pp. 31
e
50). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Bayne, K. A. L., Hurst, J. K., & Dexter, S. L. (1992). Evaluation of the
preference to and behavioral effects of an enriched environment on
male rhesus monkeys. Lab. Anim. Sci., 42,38
e
45.
e
Accessed 04.20.2011.
American Society of Primatologists (ASP). (2001). Principles for the
Ethical Treatment of Nonhuman Primates.
>
https://www.asp.org/
<
