Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 6
Behavioral Management, Enrichment,
and Psychological Well-being of
Laboratory Nonhuman Primates
Kristine Coleman * , Mollie A. Bloomsmith y , Carolyn M. Crockett z , James L. Weed jj and Steven J. Schapiro {
* Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, y Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, z Washington National Primate
Research Center, Seattle, WA, jj Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, { The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
Chapter Outline
Introduction
149
Assessing the Value of Enrichment 162
Safety Concerns 163
Documentation 163
Positive Reinforcement Training 164
PRT as Refinement 164
PRT and Husbandry, Veterinary and Research Procedures 166
PRT as Enrichment
Definitions of Terms
150
Why Perform Behavioral Management?
152
Regulatory Issues
152
Ethical Responsibilities
153
Enhancing the Research Endeavor
153
Managing Behavior
154
167
Colony Composition
154
Balancing Psychological Well-Being and Research Needs
168
Understanding Natural Behavior
154
Managing Behavioral Management Programs
169
Problem Cases
155
Roles
169
Threshold for Concern
155
Behavioral Management and the Institutional Animal Care
and Use Committee (IACUC)
Environmental Enrichment Plans
156
169
Overview
156
Conclusions
169
Examples of Enrichment
157
Acknowledgments
170
Social Enrichment
157
References
170
Nonsocial Enrichment
159
INTRODUCTION
Animal care in biomedical facilities housing nonhuman
primates has undergone a dramatic transformation in the
past two decades, with increasing emphasis on behavioral
management, psychological well-being, and animal
welfare. In the early part of the 20th century, the need to
maintain the welfare of laboratory animals was largely
unrecognized. This situation changed as the scientific
community realized that nonhuman primates and other
animals have many behavioral needs, which if not met can
adversely affect the behavior, physical health, and research
utility of the animals. Prior to the 1985 amendments to the
Animal Welfare Act (also known as the Improved Stan-
dards for Laboratory Animals Act; AWA, 1985), animal
care in general and the provision of enrichment in particular
was provided without real planning or effective evaluation.
Toys, televisions, and other items were occasionally
provided for animals on an ad hoc basis, primarily depen-
dent upon the opinions of caretakers or veterinarians. There
were few empirical studies demonstrating the efficacy of
particular items or strategies intended as “enrichment.”
The 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act
(AWA) and passage of the 1991 Animal Welfare regula-
tions inspired an increasing emphasis on empirical studies
aimed at examining the effects of enrichment and behav-
ioral management practices, a major change that helped
shape modern animal care in biomedical facilities.
Although the term “psychological well-being” for NHPs
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