Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
relatively longer limbs and smaller head than a full grown
adult. The limbs mature first and the body core (torso length
and weight) reach adult proportions last which can be up to
several years after sexual maturity. Adulthood is a broad
category encompassing the largest proportion of the life-
time. As adults age, nonhuman primate morphology shows
evidence of degenerative diseases in all organ systems,
most notably the visual, skeletal, and neurological systems.
The effects of aging in other organ systems appear to be
less obvious.
Nonhuman primates are, for the most part, quadrupeds,
but morphologically they are more similar to humans,
a member of the same primate order, than to most other
quadrupeds. Even in the hindlimb where humans have
evolved elaborate adaptations of the pelvis and foot to
accommodate a bipedal gait, the differences are primarily
in bony morphology and not in the soft tissue organs. For
these reasons, both surgical and orthopedic topics written
for medical instead of veterinary use are generally more
informative for any evaluation of nonhuman primates.
Clearly a certain degree of flexibility must be considered
when applying the material for humans to nonhuman
primates such as rhesus monkeys. The basic information
for humans, however, usually provides a better guide than
the standard references for domestic animals.
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of facial expression in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): descriptive,
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Burrows, A. M., Waller, B. M., & Parr, L. A. (2009). Facial musculature
in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): evolutionary and functional
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Digital mobility, preshaping, and endurance in repetitive grasping.
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Christensen, K. (1933). The cranial nerves. In C. G. Hartman &
W. L. Straus, Jr. (Eds.), The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca
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Cline, J. M. (2007). Assessing the mammary gland of nonhuman
primates: effects of endogenous hormones and exogenous hormonal
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length and adiposity from birth to 8 year of age. In E. S. Watts (Ed.),
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Coleman, M. N., & Ross, C. F. (2004). Primate auditory diversity and its
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The drawings in this chapter are by the late Nancy Hong who co-
authored the first edition. The enthusiasm of her husband, W. Patrick
Luckett, for the continued use of these drawings in the second edition
is greatly appreciated. CT images were made available through the
generosity of Hansell Stedman. Elizabeth Martin assisted with
research and editing of this edition. Finally, the authors wish to thank
two anonymous reviewers for many useful comments in preparing the
final version of this chapter.
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