Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 1 The major classes of steroid hormones: progestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids,
androgens, and estrogens. Enzymes, their cellular location, substrates, and products in human
steroidogenesis. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2003) Medical Physiology: a cellular and molecular
approach, p 1300, Elsevier/Saunders (reprinted with permission from Elsevier/Saunders)
and other technologies, and progress and challenges of MS technologies and
applications in steroid hormone analyses have been briefly reviewed (see Table 1 ).
1.2
Challenges to Analytical/Bioanalytical Technologies
and Methodologies
Immunoassays (IA) and radioimmunoassays (RIA) are widely accepted and rou-
tinely applied for clinical and environmental analyses of steroid hormones, but they
have limitations in specificity and accuracy. Therefore, more selective, accurate,
and sensitive technologies such as LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methodologies are
needed to improve the IA and RIA testing techniques for steroid hormones and
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