Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.1 Key Drosophila planar cell polarity genes—cont'd
Drosophila
gene
Key Drosophila
references
Synonyms Vertebrate Comments
ft
Fat
Cadherin domains
Adler et al. (1998)
,
Casal et al. (2006)
,
Ma
et al. (2003)
,
Mahoney
et al. (1991)
,
Matakatsu and Blair
(2006)
, and
Simon
(2004)
fj
Fj
Golgi kinase
Simon, Xu, Ishikawa,
and Irvine (2010)
,
Villano and Katz
(1995)
, and
Zeidler
et al. (1999)
Rho1
RhoA
GTPase
Strutt, Weber, and
Mlodzik (1997)
and
Yan, Lu Fang, and
Adler (2009)
than do wild type (
Fig. 1.1C
). A second important insight was that altering
wing shape (by mutation) did not make substantial differences to the
stereotypic
fz
mutant polarity pattern. Similarly, the loss of part of the
wing margin due to mutation did not affect the mutant polarity pattern.
The insight that a set of genes comprised a regulatory pathway that con-
trolled PCP came from
Wong and Adler (1993)
. They made several key
findings. They realized that mutations in all of the
fz/stan
pathway genes
gave rise to similar stereotypic polarity patterns (
Fig. 1.1A-C
) but that genes
could be placed into phenotypic groups by the frequency of extra hairs pro-
duced (
Fig. 1.2A
). The three phenotypic groups were also epistasis groups,
and it is now clear that they represent different levels in the regulatory
hierarchy. The upstream genes (often called core genes) consist of
fz
,
dsh
,
pk
,
stan
,
Vang
, and
dgo
. (Note:
stan
(
Chae et al., 1999; Usui et al., 1999
),
Vang
(
Taylor et al., 1998; Wolff & Rubin, 1998
), and
dgo
(
Feiguin et al.,
2001
) had not been discovered at the time of the paper.) Below, the core
group are
in
,
fy
, and
frtz
, which are often referred to as the planar polarity
effector (PPE) genes (Note:
frtz
had not been discovered at the time of
the paper;
Collier et al., 2005
.) The
mwh
gene was the only member of the
third group. They also found that in wild-type pupal wing cells the
