Jumping Gene Computational Approach - Multiobjective Optimization Methodology: A Jumping Gene Approach - page 35

Table 3.1
Examples.of.Cut-and-Paste.and.Copy-and-Paste.Transposons

JGs Examples Organism

Copy-and-paste Class.III.elements

(a).Replicative.transposons
. . . Tn3.elements
Class.I.elements
(a).Retroviruslike.elements.(long.terminal.repeat.[LTR].
retrotransposons)
. . . Ty1
. . . Copia
. . . Gypsy
(b).Retroposons
.

Bacteria

Yeast
Drosophila
Drosophila

. . F,.G,.and.I.elements Drosophila

Drosophila
Human
Human

. . . Telomere-specific.retroposons.(HeT-A,.TART)

. . . . . . LINES.(e.g.,.L1)

. . . . . . SINES.(e.g.,.Alu)

Cut-and-paste Class.II.elements

. . IS.elements.(e.g.,.IS50) Bacteria

Bacteria
Maize
Drosophila
Drosophila
Drosophila
Nematodes

. Composite.transposons.(e.g.,.Tn5)

. . . Ac/Ds.elements

. . . P.elements

. . . Mariner.elements

. . . Hobo.elements

. . . Tc1.elements

3.1.2 advantageous effects of Jg on Host evolution

As.revealed.from.various.studies.[2,4,35,36],.the.transposition.of.JGs.affects.
the.evolution.of.their.hosts..In.the.past,.transposable.elements.were.regarded.
as.selfish.and.junk.genes.that.produced.deleterious.effects.(e.g.,.fitness.loss,.
genetic.diseases,.etc.).in.their.hosts..However,.much.evidence.now.confirms.
that. these. elements. can. indeed. make. signiicant. contributions. to. new. and.
beneficial.host.functions.[3,20-22,25,26,29-31,37,39,44],.and.the.following.are.
some.examples.of.their.contributions:

. 1.. The.insertion.of.the.transposon. P element.in.the.third.intron.of.the.

methuselah(mth) .gene.was.observed.in. Drosophilamelanogaster .[33]..Its.
presence.gave.the.flies.about.a.35%.increased.average.life.span.and.
higher. resistance. to. different. forms. of. stress,. including. starvation,.
high.temperature,.and.the.like.

. 2.. The. insertion. of. the. retrotransposon. Ty1. at. the. break. site. of. the.

mating type . ( MAT ). locus. was. observed. in. yeast. [40,59].. It. repaired.