Introduction - Microsurgery: Advances, Simulations, and Applications - page 29

bone regeneration. On the other hand, it is very dificult to expect
the application period of cellular treatment to spinal cord injury,
Parkinson's disease, and diabetes owing to scientiic and ethical
problems. Regarding with regeneration based on embryonic stem
cells, several kinds of human embryonic stem cells as a source have
just been prepared. Within the cellular treatments that are already
clinically applied, there is Angiogenesis by means of implanting
mononuclear cells from autologous marrow. This treatment has
been applied widely and rapidly as a treatment for patients with
peripheral vascular disease (chronic obstructive arteriosclerosis,
Buerger's disease). This method consists of following process:
(i) Extract bone marrow luid from patients with peripheral
vascular disease
(ii) Separate mononuclear cells from bone marrow luid
(iii) Under general anesthesia, medical doctors inject mononuclear
cells into skeletal muscle of inferior limb by using syringes.
The injection is performed at 40-50 separate sites of skeletal
muscle.
As described above, novel type of angiogenesis by use of
endothelial progenitor cells or bone marrow cells has already been
clinically applied. Cell implantation-based regeneration can be one
of supplemental methods to cure ischemic heart disease or chronic
obstructive arteriosclerosis.
As a cell source for osteogenesis, bone marrow-derived cells
are cultured in vitro . These cells are applicable to compensate the
damaged bone by combining with an appropriate implant material.
Bone marrow-derived cells are expected for not only the treatment
of bone deicit but also the treatment of bone fracture, ixation of
spinal cord, and regeneration of skull bone. Human chondrocytes
are cultured to inject into joints with heavy damage and to help
regeneration of joint cartilage.

1.3.3 Tissue Engineering-Based Regeneration

Each year in the United States, millions of people suffer from a
variety of diseases that could be aided from therapies such as
organ transplantation. However, despite the widespread need for
transplantable tissues, many patients die while waiting for donor
organs. It is from this need that the ield of tissue engineering emerged